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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scbmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОМЕДИЦИНА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Biomed</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-5982</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-0428</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific center of biomedical technologies of Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">scbmt-469</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ БИОМЕДИЦИНСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Создание гуманизированных мышей для фармакотоксикологических исследований (успехи, неудачи и перспективы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Creation of humanized mice for pharmacological and toxicological research (progress, failures and prospects)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каркищенко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karkischenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">scbmt@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябых</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabykh</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каркищенко</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karkischenko</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колоскова</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koloskova</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ФГБУН «Научный центр биомедицинских технологий ФМБА России», Московская область</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>ФГБУН Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт физиологии, биохимии и питания животных, г. Боровск</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каркищенко Н.Н., Рябых В.П., Каркищенко В.Н., Колоскова Е.М., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каркищенко Н.Н., Рябых В.П., Каркищенко В.Н., Колоскова Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karkischenko N.N., Ryabykh V.P., Karkischenko V.N., Koloskova E.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/469">https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/469</self-uri><abstract><p>На основе литературных данных и результатов собственных исследований проведен анализ успехов и неудач при получении трансгенных мышей с интегрированными генами Nat и Cyp3A4 человека, для использования их в качестве биомоделей при испытании фармакологической эффективности и токсичности лекарственных веществ. Дан анализ возможных причин неудач при получении трансгенных мышей, обладающих повышенной экспрессией человеческих генов Nat1, Nat2 и Cyp3A4, передающих трансген по наследству. Обсуждается важность роли промотора при создании генноинженерных конструкций и гуманизированных мышей. Приводятся собственные данные о том, что для получения трансгенных животных методом микроинъекции генных конструкций в пронуклеусы зигот малопригодны разные варианты цитомегаловирусного промотора (cmv). Этот cmv-промотор начинает включать неконтролируемую экспрессию трансгена на очень ранних стадиях развития эмбриона, что зачастую приводит к гибели зародыша. Показаны пути получения гуманизированных мышей с интегрированными генами CYP3A4, а также генами Nat1 и Nat2 человека, с пониженным уровнем активности эндогенной Nat2, без использования мышей с нокаутом собственных генов Nat1 и Nat2 для скрещивания с трансгенными мышами. Анализ собственных результатов и причин неудач в создании трансгенных животных позволил получить нам гуманизированных мышей с интегрированными генами NAT1 и NAT2, обеспечивающими специфическую экспрессию трансгенов, а также создать ДНК-конструкции для животных, несущих ген CYP3A4.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Analysis of successes and failures in obtaining transgenic mice with integrated human Nat genes and CYP3A4, based on the literature data and the results of our own research to use them as biomodels when tested pharmacological efficacy and toxicity of drugs. The analysis of possible causes of failure in obtaining transgenic mice with increased expression of human genes Nat1, Nat2, and CYP3A4, transmitting the transgene inheritance and humanized mice were done. The importance of the role of the promoter in the creation of genetically engineered structures discusses. Its own evidence that to obtain transgenic animals by microinjection method gene constructs into the zygotes pronucleus little different variants cytomegalovirus promoter (cmv). This cmv-promoter starts to include uncontrolled transgene expression at very early stages of embryo development, which often leads to his death provides. The possibility to obtain lines of humanized mice with integrated human genes Nat1 and Nat2 and a very low level of activity of endogenous Nat2 without using mice with knockout genes, Nat1 and Nat2 for crossing with transgenic mice. The analysis of our own results and causes of failures in obtaining of transgenic animals helped to get us humanized mice with integrated Nat1 and Nat2 genes, providing specific transgenes expression and create DNA-construction for animals with CYP3A4 gene.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансгенные мыши с интегрированными генами человека</kwd><kwd>гуманизированные мыши</kwd><kwd>химерные животные</kwd><kwd>N-ацетилтрансфераза (Nat1 и Nat2)</kwd><kwd>цитохром Р450</kwd><kwd>гены CYP3A4</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов Nat1</kwd><kwd>Nat2 и CYP3A4</kwd><kwd>выбор и конструирование промоторов</kwd><kwd>биологические модели</kwd><kwd>экстраполяция на человека</kwd><kwd>transgenic mice with integrated human genes</kwd><kwd>humanized mice</kwd><kwd>chimera animals</kwd><kwd>N-acetyltransferase (Nat1 and Nat2)</kwd><kwd>cytochrome P450</kwd><kwd>Cyp3A4 genes</kwd><kwd>expression of Nat1</kwd><kwd>Nat2</kwd><kwd>and Cyp3A4 genes</kwd><kwd>choice and construction of promoters</kwd><kwd>biomodels</kwd><kwd>extrapolation to human population</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Езерский В.А., Тевкин С.И., Трубицина Т.П., Колоскова Е.М., Шишиморова М.С., Безбородова О. 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