<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scbmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОМЕДИЦИНА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Biomed</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-5982</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-0428</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific center of biomedical technologies of Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">scbmt-511</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕЛЕВАНТНОЕ И АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЕ БИОМОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RELEVANT AND ALTERNATIVE BIOMODELLING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальное моделирование пузырчатки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental models of pemphigus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кубанов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kubanov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрамова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">abtava@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр дерматовенерологии и косметологии» Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кубанов А.А., Абрамова Т.В., Калинина П.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кубанов А.А., Абрамова Т.В., Калинина П.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kubanov A.A., Abramova T.V., Kalinina P.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/511">https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/511</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен обзор литературы по экспериментальному моделированию пузырчатки - тяжелого аутоиммунного буллезного дерматоза, характеризующегося образованием пузырей и эрозий на коже и/или слизистых оболочках. Описаны модели, создаваемые in vitro (модели с использованием культур кератиноцитов, органных культур кожи человека), и in vivo , на лабораторных животных (модели с пассивным переносом антител, модели с переносом аутореактивных лимфоцитов, трансгенные модели, иммунизированные модели), воспроизводящие клинические, гистологические и иммунологические признаки пузырчатки. Создание экспериментальных моделей необходимо для изучения патогенеза пузырчатки и разработки методов терапевтического воздействия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is presented the review of literature on experimental modeling of pemphigus - heavy autoimmune dermatosis which is characterized by formation of blisters and erosion on skin and/or mucous membranes. The models are created in vitro (models with using cultures of keratinocytes, organ cultures of skin) and in vivo , on laboratory animals (models with passive transfer of antibodies and active disease: models with transfer of the autoreactive lymphocytes, transgenic models, forced immunization models). The models reproduce clinical, histologic and immunological signs of pemphigus. Experimental models are necessary for studying the aspects of pemphigus pathogenesis and development of new therapy approaches.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пузырчатка</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>лабораторные животные</kwd><kwd>кератиноциты</kwd><kwd>пузыри</kwd><kwd>кожа</kwd><kwd>pemphigus</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>laboratory animals</kwd><kwd>keratinocytes</kwd><kwd>blisters</kwd><kwd>skin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грандо С.А., Глухенький Б.Т., Соколова О.А., Кравченко Р.С., Гаврилов С.В. Результаты филогенетических и экспериментальных исследований этиологии вульгарной пузырчатки // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 1989. № 4. С. 7-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Грандо С.А., Глухенький Б.Т., Соколова О.А., Кравченко Р.С., Гаврилов С.В. Результаты филогенетических и экспериментальных исследований этиологии вульгарной пузырчатки // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 1989. № 4. С. 7-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матушевская Е.В., Свирщевская Е.В., Самсонов В.А., Хапилова В.И. Иммунология вульгарной пузырчатки и возможный механизм формирования заболевания // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 1996. № 2. С. 25-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Матушевская Е.В., Свирщевская Е.В., Самсонов В.А., Хапилова В.И. Иммунология вульгарной пузырчатки и возможный механизм формирования заболевания // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 1996. № 2. С. 25-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amagai M., Tsunoda K., Suzuki H., Nishifuji K., Koyasu S., Nishikawa T. Use of autoantigen-knockout mice in developing an active autoimmune disease model for pemphigus // J. Clin. Invest. 2000. V. 105. P. 625-631.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amagai M., Tsunoda K., Suzuki H., Nishifuji K., Koyasu S., Nishikawa T. Use of autoantigen-knockout mice in developing an active autoimmune disease model for pemphigus // J. Clin. Invest. 2000. V. 105. P. 625-631.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anhalt G.J., Labib R.S., Voorhees J.J., Beals T.F., Diaz L.A. Induction of pemphigus in neonatal mice by passive transfer of IgG from patients with the disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 1982. V. 306. P. 1189-1196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anhalt G.J., Labib R.S., Voorhees J.J., Beals T.F., Diaz L.A. Induction of pemphigus in neonatal mice by passive transfer of IgG from patients with the disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 1982. V. 306. P. 1189-1196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bieber K., Sun S., Ishii N., Kasperkiewicz M., Schmidt E., Hirose M., Westermann J., Yu X., Zillikens D., Ludwig R.J. Animal models for autoimmune bullous dermatoses // Exp. Dermatol. 2010. V. 19. P. 2-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bieber K., Sun S., Ishii N., Kasperkiewicz M., Schmidt E., Hirose M., Westermann J., Yu X., Zillikens D., Ludwig R.J. Animal models for autoimmune bullous dermatoses // Exp. Dermatol. 2010. V. 19. P. 2-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyce S.T., Ham R.G. Calcium-regulated differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in chemically defined clonal culture and serum-free serial culture // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983. V. 81. P. 33s-40s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyce S.T., Ham R.G. Calcium-regulated differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in chemically defined clonal culture and serum-free serial culture // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983. V. 81. P. 33s-40s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frušić-Zlotkin M., Pergamentz R., Michel B., David M., Mimouni D., Brégégère F., Milner Y. The interaction of pemphigus autoimmunoglobulins with epidermal cells: Activation of the Fas apoptotic pathway and the use of caspase activity for pathogenicity tests of pemphigus patients // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005. V. 1050. P. 371-379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frušić-Zlotkin M., Pergamentz R., Michel B., David M., Mimouni D., Brégégère F., Milner Y. The interaction of pemphigus autoimmunoglobulins with epidermal cells: Activation of the Fas apoptotic pathway and the use of caspase activity for pathogenicity tests of pemphigus patients // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005. V. 1050. P. 371-379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grando S.A., Glukhen'kiĭ B.T., Kutsenko N.S., Lastovetskaia G.I., Boĭko I., Barabash T.M., Cherniavskiĭ A.I. Modeling of pemphigus vulgaris in guinea pigs // Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1990. V. 109. № 6. P. 604-605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grando S.A., Glukhen'kiĭ B.T., Kutsenko N.S., Lastovetskaia G.I., Boĭko I., Barabash T.M., Cherniavskiĭ A.I. Modeling of pemphigus vulgaris in guinea pigs // Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1990. V. 109. № 6. P. 604-605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hashimoto T. Experimental suprabasal bulla formation in organ cultured human skin with low calcium medium // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1988. V. 90. № 4. P. 501-504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashimoto T. Experimental suprabasal bulla formation in organ cultured human skin with low calcium medium // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1988. V. 90. № 4. P. 501-504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hennings H., Michael D., Cheng C., Steinert P., Holbrook K., Yuspa S.H. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture // Cell. 1980. V. 19. P. 245-254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hennings H., Michael D., Cheng C., Steinert P., Holbrook K., Yuspa S.H. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture // Cell. 1980. V. 19. P. 245-254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertl M., Jedlickova H., Karpati S., Marinovic B., Uzun S., Yayli S., Mimouni D., Borradori L., Feliciani C., Ioannides D., Joly P., Kowalewski C., Zambruno G., Zillikens D., Jonkman M.F. Pemphigus. S2 Guideline for diagnosis and treatment - guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) // J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2015. V. 29. № 3. P. 405-414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertl M., Jedlickova H., Karpati S., Marinovic B., Uzun S., Yayli S., Mimouni D., Borradori L., Feliciani C., Ioannides D., Joly P., Kowalewski C., Zambruno G., Zillikens D., Jonkman M.F. Pemphigus. S2 Guideline for diagnosis and treatment - guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) // J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2015. V. 29. № 3. P. 405-414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu C.H., Michel B., Schiltz J.R. Epidermal acantholysis induced in vitro by pemphigus autoantibody. An ultrastructural study // Am. J. Pathol. 1978. V. 90. № 2. P. 345-362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu C.H., Michel B., Schiltz J.R. Epidermal acantholysis induced in vitro by pemphigus autoantibody. An ultrastructural study // Am. J. Pathol. 1978. V. 90. № 2. P. 345-362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwatsuki K., Sugaya K., Takigawa M. Dynamic expression of pemphigus and desmosomal antigens by cultured keratinocytes // Br. J. Dermatol. 1993. V. 128. P. 16-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwatsuki K., Sugaya K., Takigawa M. Dynamic expression of pemphigus and desmosomal antigens by cultured keratinocytes // Br. J. Dermatol. 1993. V. 128. P. 16-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobi A., Shuler G., Hertl M. Rapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximab // Br. J. Dermatol. 2005. V. 153. № 2. P. 448-449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobi A., Shuler G., Hertl M. Rapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximab // Br. J. Dermatol. 2005. V. 153. № 2. P. 448-449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeffes E.W.B., Kaplan R.P., Ahmed A.R. Acantholysis producedin vitro with pemphigus serum: Hydrocortisone inhibits acantholysis, while dapsone and 6-mercaptopurine do not inhibit acantholysis // J. Clin. Immunol. 1984. V. 4. № 5. P. 359-363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeffes E.W.B., Kaplan R.P., Ahmed A.R. Acantholysis producedin vitro with pemphigus serum: Hydrocortisone inhibits acantholysis, while dapsone and 6-mercaptopurine do not inhibit acantholysis // J. Clin. Immunol. 1984. V. 4. № 5. P. 359-363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kee S.-H., Steinert P.M. Microtubule Disruption in Keratinocytes Induces Cell-Cell Adhesion through Activation of Endogenous E-Cadherin // Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001. V. 12. № 7. P. 1983-1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kee S.-H., Steinert P.M. Microtubule Disruption in Keratinocytes Induces Cell-Cell Adhesion through Activation of Endogenous E-Cadherin // Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001. V. 12. № 7. P. 1983-1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koch P.J., Mahoney M.G., Ishikawa H., Pulkkinen L., Uitto J., Shultz L., Murphy G.F., Whitaker-Menezes D., Stanley J.R. Targeted disruption of the pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3) gene in mice causes loss of keratinocyte cell adhesion with a phenotype similar to pemphigus vulgaris // J. Cell Biol. 1997. V. 137. P. 1091-1102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koch P.J., Mahoney M.G., Ishikawa H., Pulkkinen L., Uitto J., Shultz L., Murphy G.F., Whitaker-Menezes D., Stanley J.R. Targeted disruption of the pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3) gene in mice causes loss of keratinocyte cell adhesion with a phenotype similar to pemphigus vulgaris // J. Cell Biol. 1997. V. 137. P. 1091-1102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause P.J., Kristie J., Wang W.P., Eisenfeld L., Herson V.C., Maderazo E.G., Jozaki K., Kreutzer D.L. Pentoxifylline enhancement of defective neutrophil function and host defense in neonatal mice // Am. J. Pathol. 1987. V. 129. P. 217-222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause P.J., Kristie J., Wang W.P., Eisenfeld L., Herson V.C., Maderazo E.G., Jozaki K., Kreutzer D.L. Pentoxifylline enhancement of defective neutrophil function and host defense in neonatal mice // Am. J. Pathol. 1987. V. 129. P. 217-222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liechty K.W., Schibler K.R., Ohls R.K., Perkins S.L., Christensen R.D. The failure of newborn mice infected with Escherichia coli to accelerate neutrophil production correlates with their failure to increase transcripts for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 // Biol. Neonate. 1993. V. 64. P. 331-340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liechty K.W., Schibler K.R., Ohls R.K., Perkins S.L., Christensen R.D. The failure of newborn mice infected with Escherichia coli to accelerate neutrophil production correlates with their failure to increase transcripts for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 // Biol. Neonate. 1993. V. 64. P. 331-340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merlob P., Metzker A., Hazaz B., Rogovin H., Reisner S.H. Neonatal pemphigus vulgaris // Pediatrics. 1986. V. 78. № 6. P. 1102-1105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merlob P., Metzker A., Hazaz B., Rogovin H., Reisner S.H. Neonatal pemphigus vulgaris // Pediatrics. 1986. V. 78. № 6. P. 1102-1105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michel B., Ko C.S. An organ culture model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis // Br. J. Dermatol. 1977. V. 96. № 3. P. 295-302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michel B., Ko C.S. An organ culture model for the study of pemphigus acantholysis // Br. J. Dermatol. 1977. V. 96. № 3. P. 295-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morioka S., Naito K., Ogawa H. The pathogenic role of pemphigus antibodies and proteinase in epidermal acantholysis // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1981. V. 76. № 5. P. 337-341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morioka S., Naito K., Ogawa H. The pathogenic role of pemphigus antibodies and proteinase in epidermal acantholysis // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1981. V. 76. № 5. P. 337-341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohyama M., Amagai M., Tsunoda K., Ota T., Koyasu S., Hata J., Umezawa A., Nishikawa T. Immunologic and histopathologic characterization of an active disease mouse model for pemphigus vulgaris // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2002. V. 118. P. 199-204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohyama M., Amagai M., Tsunoda K., Ota T., Koyasu S., Hata J., Umezawa A., Nishikawa T. Immunologic and histopathologic characterization of an active disease mouse model for pemphigus vulgaris // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2002. V. 118. P. 199-204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schäfer S., Koch P.J., Franke W.W. Identification of the ubiquitous human desmoglein, Dsg2, and the expression catalogue of the desmoglein subfamily of desmosomal cadherins // Exp. Cell Res. 1994. V. 211. P. 391-399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schäfer S., Koch P.J., Franke W.W. Identification of the ubiquitous human desmoglein, Dsg2, and the expression catalogue of the desmoglein subfamily of desmosomal cadherins // Exp. Cell Res. 1994. V. 211. P. 391-399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider M.R., Schmidt-Ullrich R., Paus R. The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan // Curr. Biol. 2009. V. 19. № 3. P. 132-142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider M.R., Schmidt-Ullrich R., Paus R. The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan // Curr. Biol. 2009. V. 19. № 3. P. 132-142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuh T., Besch R., Braungart E., Flaig M.J., Douwes K., Sander C.A., Magdolen V., Probst C., Wosikowski K., Degitz K. Protease inhibitors prevent plasminogen-mediated, but not pemphigus vulgaris-induced, acantholysis in human epidermis // Biol. Chem. 2003. V. 384. № 2. P. 311-315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuh T., Besch R., Braungart E., Flaig M.J., Douwes K., Sander C.A., Magdolen V., Probst C., Wosikowski K., Degitz K. Protease inhibitors prevent plasminogen-mediated, but not pemphigus vulgaris-induced, acantholysis in human epidermis // Biol. Chem. 2003. V. 384. № 2. P. 311-315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze K., Galichet A., Sayar B.S., Scothern A., Howald D., Zymann H., Siffert M., Zenhäusern D., Bolli R., Koch P.J., Garrod D., Suter M.M., Müller E.J. An adult passive transfer mouse model to study desmoglein 3 signaling in pemphigus vulgaris // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2012. V. 132. P. 346-355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze K., Galichet A., Sayar B.S., Scothern A., Howald D., Zymann H., Siffert M., Zenhäusern D., Bolli R., Koch P.J., Garrod D., Suter M.M., Müller E.J. An adult passive transfer mouse model to study desmoglein 3 signaling in pemphigus vulgaris // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2012. V. 132. P. 346-355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spindler V., Drenckhahn D., Zillikens D., Washke J. Pemphigus IgG causes skin splitting in the presence of both desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 // Am. J. Pathol. 2007. V. 171. P. 906-916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spindler V., Drenckhahn D., Zillikens D., Washke J. Pemphigus IgG causes skin splitting in the presence of both desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 // Am. J. Pathol. 2007. V. 171. P. 906-916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swanson D.L., Dahl M.V. Methylprednisolone inhibits pemphigus acantholysis in skin cultures // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983. V. 81. № 3. P. 258-260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swanson D.L., Dahl M.V. Methylprednisolone inhibits pemphigus acantholysis in skin cultures // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983. V. 81. № 3. P. 258-260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi Y., Patel H.P., Labib R.S., Diaz L.A., Anhalt G.J. Experimentally induced pemphigus vulgaris in neonatal BALB/c mice: a time-course study of clinical, immunologic, ultrastructural, and cytochemical changes // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1985. V. 84. P. 41-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahashi Y., Patel H.P., Labib R.S., Diaz L.A., Anhalt G.J. Experimentally induced pemphigus vulgaris in neonatal BALB/c mice: a time-course study of clinical, immunologic, ultrastructural, and cytochemical changes // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1985. V. 84. P. 41-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Brégégère F., Frusić-Zlotkin M., Feinmesser M., Michel B., Milner Y. Possible apoptotic mechanism in epidermal cell acantholysis induced by pemphigus vulgaris autoimmunoglobulins // Apoptosis. 2004. V. 9. P. 131-143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Brégégère F., Frusić-Zlotkin M., Feinmesser M., Michel B., Milner Y. Possible apoptotic mechanism in epidermal cell acantholysis induced by pemphigus vulgaris autoimmunoglobulins // Apoptosis. 2004. V. 9. P. 131-143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wier G. Van Der, Pas H.H., Jonkman M.F. Experimental human cell and tissue models of pemphigus // Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2010: 143871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wier G. Van Der, Pas H.H., Jonkman M.F. Experimental human cell and tissue models of pemphigus // Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2010: 143871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zillikens D., Schmidt E., Reimer S., Chimanovitch I., Hardt-Weinelt K., Rose C., Bröcker E.B., Kock M., Boehncke W.H. Antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3, but not to BP180, induce blisters in human skin grafted onto SCID mice // J. Pathol. 2001. V. 193. № 1. P. 117-124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zillikens D., Schmidt E., Reimer S., Chimanovitch I., Hardt-Weinelt K., Rose C., Bröcker E.B., Kock M., Boehncke W.H. Antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3, but not to BP180, induce blisters in human skin grafted onto SCID mice // J. Pathol. 2001. V. 193. № 1. P. 117-124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
