scbmtБИОМЕДИЦИНАJournal Biomed2074-59822713-0428Scientific center of biomedical technologies of Federal Medical and Biological Agencyscbmt-95Research ArticleМЕТОДЫ БИОМЕДИЦИНСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙMETHODS OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCHESЛокализация общего и фосфорилированного α-синуклеина в периферической нервной системе интактных крыс (тестирование антител разных клонов)Localization of total and Ser 129 phosphorylated α-synuclein in the rat peripheral nervous system (testing of different antibodies)ВоронковД. Н.VoronkovD. N.voronkovdm@gmail.comСальниковаО. В.SalnikovaO. V.noemail@neicon.ruХудоерковР. М.KhudoerkovR. M.noemail@neicon.ruФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»Russian Federation201826022019022232Copyright © Воронков Д.Н., Сальникова О.В., Худоерков Р.М., 20192019Воронков Д.Н., Сальникова О.В., Худоерков Р.М.Voronkov D.N., Salnikova O.V., Khudoerkov R.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/95

Развитию двигательных симптомов при болезни Паркинсона предшествует накопление α-синуклеина в периферической нервной системе, что позволяет рассматривать α-синуклеин как биомаркер этой патологии. Вместе с тем, для совершенствования экспериментальных моделей и разработки эффективных диагностических тестов требуются более точные знания о локализации α-синуклеина в норме. Иммуногистохимически в периферической нервной системе интактных крыс исследовали локализацию α-синуклеина и вариант его формы, фосфорилированной по остатку серина 129, с помощью панели антител разных производителей и обнаружили его локализацию в пресинаптических нервных окончаниях дорсальных рогов спинного мозга, в телах нейронов превертебральных ганглиев, сплетениях стенок сосудов и GFAP-негативных глиальных клетках. Разные антитела к фосфорилированному α-синуклеину давали неоднозначную реакцию: у отдельных нейронов спинального ганглия окрашивались тела клеток, их отростки и ядра, но ни одно из изучаемых антител не давало реакцию связывания в мелких ноцицептивных непепетидергических нейронах. Неоднозначность результатов может быть обусловлена как разной доступностью эпитопов, выявляемых антителами при взаимодействий α-синуклеина с другими белками, так и в результате неспецифического связывания антител с неидентифицированными мишенями.

The deposition of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the peripheral nervous system precedes the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and is considered as a pathological sign and biomarker. However, data on the localization of α-Syn in the intact nervous system require clarification for the future development of experimental models and diagnostic tests. Localization of α-Syn and its the remainder of serine 129 phosphorylated form in peripheral nervous system of intact rats were studied by immunohistochemistry with use of different commercially available antibodies. α-Syn were found in presynaptic terminals of spinal dorsal horn, neuronal somata of prevertebral ganglia, nerve plexuses of vascular wall and GFAP-negative glial cells. Different antibodies to phosphorylated α-Syn shown uneven binding. Staining of processes, somata or nuclei of certain dorsal root ganglia neurons were found. No one of used antibodies detected small nociceptive IB4-positive neurons. The ambiguity of the obtained results can be related both to the different availability of epitopes detected by antibodies as a result of α-Syn interactions with other proteins, and with non-specific binding of antibodies to unidentified targets.

периферическая нервная системаспинальный ганглийкрысаиммуногистохимияα-синуклеинα-synucleinperipheral nervous systemdorsal root ganglionratimmunohistochemistryReferencesПчелина С.Н. Альфа-синуклеин как биомаркер болезни Паркинсона // Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2011. Т. 5. № 4. С. 46-51.Пчелина С.Н. Альфа-синуклеин как биомаркер болезни Паркинсона // Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2011. Т. 5. № 4. С. 46-51.Соболев В.Б., Худоерков Р.М. Иммуногистохимическое выявление α-синуклеина в слюнной железе как биомаркер болезни Паркинсона // Бюллетень Национального общества по изучению болезни Паркинсона и расстройств движений. 2017. № 2. С. 16-23.Соболев В.Б., Худоерков Р.М. Иммуногистохимическое выявление α-синуклеина в слюнной железе как биомаркер болезни Паркинсона // Бюллетень Национального общества по изучению болезни Паркинсона и расстройств движений. 2017. № 2. С. 16-23.Anwar S., Peters O., Millership S., Ninkina N., Doig N., Connor-Robson N., Threlfell S., Kooner G., Deacon R.M., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Chandra S.S., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R., Buchman V.L. Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family // J. of Neurosci. 2011. No. 31(20). Pp. 7264-7274.Anwar S., Peters O., Millership S., Ninkina N., Doig N., Connor-Robson N., Threlfell S., Kooner G., Deacon R.M., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Chandra S.S., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R., Buchman V.L. Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family // J. of Neurosci. 2011. No. 31(20). Pp. 7264-7274.Arawaka S., Sato H., Sasaki A., Koyama S., Kato T. Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in alpha-synuclein aggregates // Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2017. No. 1(5). P. 48.Arawaka S., Sato H., Sasaki A., Koyama S., Kato T. Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in alpha-synuclein aggregates // Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2017. No. 1(5). P. 48.Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease // Neurobiol. Aging. 2003. No. 24(2). Pp. 197-211.Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease // Neurobiol. Aging. 2003. No. 24(2). Pp. 197-211.Braak H., Sastre M., Bohl J.R., de Vos R.A., Del Tredici K. Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons // Acta Neuropathol. 2007. No. 113(4). Pp. 421-429.Braak H., Sastre M., Bohl J.R., de Vos R.A., Del Tredici K. Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons // Acta Neuropathol. 2007. No. 113(4). Pp. 421-429.Braz J.M., Nassar M.A., Wood J.N., Basbaum A.I. Parallel "pain" pathways arise from subpopulations of primary afferent nociceptor // Neuron. 2005. Vol. 47(6). Pp. 787-793.Braz J.M., Nassar M.A., Wood J.N., Basbaum A.I. Parallel "pain" pathways arise from subpopulations of primary afferent nociceptor // Neuron. 2005. Vol. 47(6). Pp. 787-793.Burre J., Sharma M., Sudhof T.C. Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of alpha-Synuclein // Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017. pii: a024091. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024091.Burre J., Sharma M., Sudhof T.C. Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of alpha-Synuclein // Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017. pii: a024091. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024091.Del Tredici K., Braak H. Spinal cord lesions in sporadic Parkinson's disease // Acta Neuropathol. 2012. No. 124(5). Pp. 643-64.Del Tredici K., Braak H. Spinal cord lesions in sporadic Parkinson's disease // Acta Neuropathol. 2012. No. 124(5). Pp. 643-64.Djelloul M., Holmqvist S., Boza-Serrano A., Azevedo C., Yeung M.S., Goldwurm S., Frisén J., Deierborg T., Roybon L. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Rodent and Human Models // Stem Cell Reports. 2015. No. 5(2). Pp. 174-84.Djelloul M., Holmqvist S., Boza-Serrano A., Azevedo C., Yeung M.S., Goldwurm S., Frisén J., Deierborg T., Roybon L. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Rodent and Human Models // Stem Cell Reports. 2015. No. 5(2). Pp. 174-84.Donadio V., Incensi A., Rizzo G., Scaglione C., Capellari S., Fileccia E., Avoni P., Liguori R. Spine Topographical Distribution of Skin a-Synuclein Deposits in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease // J. of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2017. No. 5(76). Pp. 384-389.Donadio V., Incensi A., Rizzo G., Scaglione C., Capellari S., Fileccia E., Avoni P., Liguori R. Spine Topographical Distribution of Skin a-Synuclein Deposits in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease // J. of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2017. No. 5(76). Pp. 384-389.Doppler K., Ebert S., Üçeyler N., Trenkwalder C., Ebentheuer J., Volkmann J., Sommer C. Cutaneous neuropathy in Parkinson’s disease: a window into brain pathology // Acta Neuropathol. 2014. No. 128(1). Pp. 99-109.Doppler K., Ebert S., Üçeyler N., Trenkwalder C., Ebentheuer J., Volkmann J., Sommer C. Cutaneous neuropathy in Parkinson’s disease: a window into brain pathology // Acta Neuropathol. 2014. No. 128(1). Pp. 99-109.Giasson B.I., Duda J.E., Forman M.S., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Prominent perikaryal expression of alpha- and beta-synuclein in neurons of dorsal root ganglion and in medullary neurons // Exp. Neurol. 2001. No. 172(2). Pp. 354-362.Giasson B.I., Duda J.E., Forman M.S., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Prominent perikaryal expression of alpha- and beta-synuclein in neurons of dorsal root ganglion and in medullary neurons // Exp. Neurol. 2001. No. 172(2). Pp. 354-362.Huang Z., Xu Z., Wu Y., Zhou Y. Determining nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein in mouse brains // Neuroscience. 2011. No. 199. Pp. 318-32.Huang Z., Xu Z., Wu Y., Zhou Y. Determining nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein in mouse brains // Neuroscience. 2011. No. 199. Pp. 318-32.Lin C.H., Chao C.C., Wu S.W., Hsieh P.C., Feng F.P., Lin Y.H., Chen Y.M., Wu R.M., Hsieh S.T. Pathophysiology of Small-Fiber Sensory System in Parkinson's Disease: Skin Innervation and Contact Heat Evoked Potential // Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. No. 95(10). E3058. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003058.Lin C.H., Chao C.C., Wu S.W., Hsieh P.C., Feng F.P., Lin Y.H., Chen Y.M., Wu R.M., Hsieh S.T. Pathophysiology of Small-Fiber Sensory System in Parkinson's Disease: Skin Innervation and Contact Heat Evoked Potential // Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. No. 95(10). E3058. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003058.Ma M.R., Hu Z.W., Zhao Y.F., Chen Y.X., Li Y.M. Phosphorylation induces distinct alpha-synuclein strain formation // Scientific Reports. 2016. No. 6. P. 37130. doi: 10.1038/srep37130.Ma M.R., Hu Z.W., Zhao Y.F., Chen Y.X., Li Y.M. Phosphorylation induces distinct alpha-synuclein strain formation // Scientific Reports. 2016. No. 6. P. 37130. doi: 10.1038/srep37130.Muntané G., Ferrer I., Martinez-Vicente M. α-synuclein phosphorylation and truncation are normal events in the adult human brain // Neuroscience. 2012. No. 200. Pp. 106-119.Muntané G., Ferrer I., Martinez-Vicente M. α-synuclein phosphorylation and truncation are normal events in the adult human brain // Neuroscience. 2012. No. 200. Pp. 106-119.Nam M.K., Han J.H., Jang J.Y., Yun S.E., Kim G.Y., Kang S., Rhim H. A novel link between the conformations, exposure of specific epitopes, and subcellular localization of alpha-synuclein // Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2015. No. 12(1850). Pp. 2497-2505.Nam M.K., Han J.H., Jang J.Y., Yun S.E., Kim G.Y., Kang S., Rhim H. A novel link between the conformations, exposure of specific epitopes, and subcellular localization of alpha-synuclein // Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2015. No. 12(1850). Pp. 2497-2505.Oueslati A. Implication of Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation at S129 in Synucleinopathies: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade? // J. Parkinsons Dis. 2016. No. 6(1). Pp. 39-51.Oueslati A. Implication of Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation at S129 in Synucleinopathies: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade? // J. Parkinsons Dis. 2016. No. 6(1). Pp. 39-51.Papachroni K., Ninkina N., Wanless J., Kalofoutis A.T., Gnuchev N.V., Buchman V.L. Peripheral sensory neurons survive in the absence of alpha- and gamma-synucleins // J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005. No. 25(2). Pp. 157-64.Papachroni K., Ninkina N., Wanless J., Kalofoutis A.T., Gnuchev N.V., Buchman V.L. Peripheral sensory neurons survive in the absence of alpha- and gamma-synucleins // J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005. No. 25(2). Pp. 157-64.Surguchov A. Intracellular Dynamics of Synucleins: "Here, There and Everywhere" // Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 2015. No. 320. Pp. 103-169.Surguchov A. Intracellular Dynamics of Synucleins: "Here, There and Everywhere" // Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 2015. No. 320. Pp. 103-169.Taguchi K., Watanabe Y., Tsujimura A., Tanaka M. Brain region-dependent differential expression of alpha-synuclein // J. Comp. Neurol. 2016. No. 524(6). Pp. 1236-58.Taguchi K., Watanabe Y., Tsujimura A., Tanaka M. Brain region-dependent differential expression of alpha-synuclein // J. Comp. Neurol. 2016. No. 524(6). Pp. 1236-58.Tiunova A.A., Anokhin K.V., Saha A.R., Schmidt O., Hanger D.P., Anderton B.H., Davies A.M., Ninkina N.N., Buchman V.L. Chicken synucleins: cloning and expression in the developing embryo // Mech. Dev. 2000. No. 99(1-2). Pp. 195-198.Tiunova A.A., Anokhin K.V., Saha A.R., Schmidt O., Hanger D.P., Anderton B.H., Davies A.M., Ninkina N.N., Buchman V.L. Chicken synucleins: cloning and expression in the developing embryo // Mech. Dev. 2000. No. 99(1-2). Pp. 195-198.Vivacqua G., Casini A., Vaccaro R., Fornai F., Yu S., D'Este L. Different sub-cellular localization of alpha-synuclein in the C57BL6J mouse's central nervous system by two novel monoclonal antibodies // J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2011. No. 41(2). Pp. 97-110.Vivacqua G., Casini A., Vaccaro R., Fornai F., Yu S., D'Este L. Different sub-cellular localization of alpha-synuclein in the C57BL6J mouse's central nervous system by two novel monoclonal antibodies // J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2011. No. 41(2). Pp. 97-110.Pchelina S.N. Alfa-sinuklein kak biomarker bolezni Parkinsona [Alpha-synuclein as biomarker of Parkinson's disease]. Annaly klinicheskoj i ehksperimental'noj nevrologii [Annals of clinical and experimental neurology]. 2011. T. 5. No. 4. Pp. 46-51. (In Russian).Pchelina S.N. Alfa-sinuklein kak biomarker bolezni Parkinsona [Alpha-synuclein as biomarker of Parkinson's disease]. Annaly klinicheskoj i ehksperimental'noj nevrologii [Annals of clinical and experimental neurology]. 2011. T. 5. No. 4. Pp. 46-51. (In Russian).Sobolev V.B., Khudoerkov R.M. Immunogistohimicheskoe vyavlenie a-sinukleina v slyunnoj zheleze kak biomarker bolezni Parkinsona [Immunohistochemical detection of alpha-synuclein in salivary gland as biomarker of Parkinson disease]. Byulleten' Nacionalnogo obshchestva po izucheniyu bolezni Parkinsona i rasstrojstv dvizhenij [Bulletin of the National Society for the Study of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders]. 2017. No. 2. Pp. 16-23. (In Russian).Sobolev V.B., Khudoerkov R.M. Immunogistohimicheskoe vyavlenie a-sinukleina v slyunnoj zheleze kak biomarker bolezni Parkinsona [Immunohistochemical detection of alpha-synuclein in salivary gland as biomarker of Parkinson disease]. Byulleten' Nacionalnogo obshchestva po izucheniyu bolezni Parkinsona i rasstrojstv dvizhenij [Bulletin of the National Society for the Study of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders]. 2017. No. 2. Pp. 16-23. (In Russian).Anwar S., Peters O., Millership S., Ninkina N., Doig N., Connor-Robson N., Threlfell S., Kooner G., Deacon R.M., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Chandra S.S., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R., Buchman V.L. Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family. J. of Neurosci. 2011. No. 31(20). Pp. 7264-7274.Anwar S., Peters O., Millership S., Ninkina N., Doig N., Connor-Robson N., Threlfell S., Kooner G., Deacon R.M., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Chandra S.S., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R., Buchman V.L. Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family. J. of Neurosci. 2011. No. 31(20). Pp. 7264-7274.Arawaka S., Sato H., Sasaki A., Koyama S., Kato T. Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in alpha-synuclein aggregates. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2017. No. 1(5). P. 48.Arawaka S., Sato H., Sasaki A., Koyama S., Kato T. Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in alpha-synuclein aggregates. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2017. No. 1(5). P. 48.Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 2003. No. 24(2). Pp. 197-211.Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 2003. No. 24(2). Pp. 197-211.Braak H., Sastre M., Bohl J.R., de Vos R.A., Del Tredici K. Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons. Acta Neuropathol. 2007. No. 113(4). Pp. 421-429.Braak H., Sastre M., Bohl J.R., de Vos R.A., Del Tredici K. Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons. Acta Neuropathol. 2007. No. 113(4). Pp. 421-429.Braz J.M., Nassar M.A., Wood J.N., Basbaum A.I. Parallel "pain" pathways arise from subpopulations of primary afferent nociceptor. Neuron. 2005. Vol. 47(6). Pp. 787-793.Braz J.M., Nassar M.A., Wood J.N., Basbaum A.I. Parallel "pain" pathways arise from subpopulations of primary afferent nociceptor. Neuron. 2005. Vol. 47(6). Pp. 787-793.Burre J., Sharma M., Sudhof T.C. Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of alpha-Synuclein. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017. pii: a024091. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024091.Burre J., Sharma M., Sudhof T.C. Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of alpha-Synuclein. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017. pii: a024091. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024091.Del Tredici K., Braak H. Spinal cord lesions in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2012. No. 124(5). Pp. 643-64.Del Tredici K., Braak H. Spinal cord lesions in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2012. No. 124(5). Pp. 643-64.Djelloul M., Holmqvist S., Boza-Serrano A., Azevedo C., Yeung M.S., Goldwurm S., Frisén J., Deierborg T., Roybon L. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Rodent and Human Models. Stem Cell Reports. 2015. No. 5(2). Pp. 174-84.Djelloul M., Holmqvist S., Boza-Serrano A., Azevedo C., Yeung M.S., Goldwurm S., Frisén J., Deierborg T., Roybon L. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Rodent and Human Models. Stem Cell Reports. 2015. No. 5(2). Pp. 174-84.Donadio V., Incensi A., Rizzo G., Scaglione C., Capellari S., Fileccia E., Avoni P., Liguori R. Spine Topographical Distribution of Skin a-Synuclein Deposits in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. J. of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2017. No. 5(76). Pp. 384-389.Donadio V., Incensi A., Rizzo G., Scaglione C., Capellari S., Fileccia E., Avoni P., Liguori R. Spine Topographical Distribution of Skin a-Synuclein Deposits in Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. J. of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2017. No. 5(76). Pp. 384-389.Doppler K., Ebert S., Üçeyler N., Trenkwalder C., Ebentheuer J., Volkmann J., Sommer C. Cutaneous neuropathy in Parkinson’s disease: a window into brain pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2014. No. 128(1). Pp. 99-109.Doppler K., Ebert S., Üçeyler N., Trenkwalder C., Ebentheuer J., Volkmann J., Sommer C. Cutaneous neuropathy in Parkinson’s disease: a window into brain pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2014. No. 128(1). Pp. 99-109.Giasson B.I., Duda J.E., Forman M.S., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Prominent perikaryal expression of alpha- and beta-synuclein in neurons of dorsal root ganglion and in medullary neurons. Exp. Neurol. 2001. No. 172(2). Pp. 354-362.Giasson B.I., Duda J.E., Forman M.S., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Prominent perikaryal expression of alpha- and beta-synuclein in neurons of dorsal root ganglion and in medullary neurons. Exp. Neurol. 2001. No. 172(2). Pp. 354-362.Huang Z., Xu Z., Wu Y., Zhou Y. Determining nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein in mouse brains. Neuroscience. 2011. No. 199. Pp. 318-32.Huang Z., Xu Z., Wu Y., Zhou Y. Determining nuclear localization of alpha-synuclein in mouse brains. Neuroscience. 2011. No. 199. Pp. 318-32.Lin C.H., Chao C.C., Wu S.W., Hsieh P.C., Feng F.P., Lin Y.H., Chen Y.M., Wu R.M., Hsieh S.T. Pathophysiology of Small-Fiber Sensory System in Parkinson's Disease: Skin Innervation and Contact Heat Evoked Potential. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. No. 95(10). E3058. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003058.Lin C.H., Chao C.C., Wu S.W., Hsieh P.C., Feng F.P., Lin Y.H., Chen Y.M., Wu R.M., Hsieh S.T. Pathophysiology of Small-Fiber Sensory System in Parkinson's Disease: Skin Innervation and Contact Heat Evoked Potential. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. No. 95(10). E3058. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003058.Ma M.R., Hu Z.W., Zhao Y.F., Chen Y.X., Li Y.M. Phosphorylation induces distinct alpha-synuclein strain formation. Scientific Reports. 2016. No. 6. P. 37130. doi: 10.1038/srep37130.Ma M.R., Hu Z.W., Zhao Y.F., Chen Y.X., Li Y.M. Phosphorylation induces distinct alpha-synuclein strain formation. Scientific Reports. 2016. No. 6. P. 37130. doi: 10.1038/srep37130.Muntané G., Ferrer I., Martinez-Vicente M. α-synuclein phosphorylation and truncation are normal events in the adult human brain. Neuroscience. 2012. No. 200. Pp. 106-119.Muntané G., Ferrer I., Martinez-Vicente M. α-synuclein phosphorylation and truncation are normal events in the adult human brain. Neuroscience. 2012. No. 200. Pp. 106-119.Nam M.K., Han J.H., Jang J.Y., Yun S.E., Kim G.Y., Kang S., Rhim H. A novel link between the conformations, exposure of specific epitopes, and subcellular localization of alpha-synuclein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2015. No. 12(1850). Pp. 2497-2505.Nam M.K., Han J.H., Jang J.Y., Yun S.E., Kim G.Y., Kang S., Rhim H. A novel link between the conformations, exposure of specific epitopes, and subcellular localization of alpha-synuclein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2015. No. 12(1850). Pp. 2497-2505.Oueslati A. Implication of Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation at S129 in Synucleinopathies: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade? J. Parkinsons Dis. 2016. No. 6(1). Pp. 39-51.Oueslati A. Implication of Alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation at S129 in Synucleinopathies: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade? J. Parkinsons Dis. 2016. No. 6(1). Pp. 39-51.Papachroni K., Ninkina N., Wanless J., Kalofoutis A.T., Gnuchev N.V., Buchman V.L. Peripheral sensory neurons survive in the absence of alpha- and gamma-synucleins. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005. No. 25(2). Pp. 157-64.Papachroni K., Ninkina N., Wanless J., Kalofoutis A.T., Gnuchev N.V., Buchman V.L. Peripheral sensory neurons survive in the absence of alpha- and gamma-synucleins. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005. No. 25(2). Pp. 157-64.Surguchov A. Intracellular Dynamics of Synucleins: "Here, There and Everywhere". Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 2015. No. 320. Pp. 103-169.Surguchov A. Intracellular Dynamics of Synucleins: "Here, There and Everywhere". Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 2015. No. 320. Pp. 103-169.Taguchi K., Watanabe Y., Tsujimura A., Tanaka M. Brain region-dependent differential expression of alpha-synuclein. J. Comp. Neurol. 2016. No. 524(6). Pp. 1236-58.Taguchi K., Watanabe Y., Tsujimura A., Tanaka M. Brain region-dependent differential expression of alpha-synuclein. J. Comp. Neurol. 2016. No. 524(6). Pp. 1236-58.Tiunova A.A., Anokhin K.V., Saha A.R., Schmidt O., Hanger D.P., Anderton B.H., Davies A.M., Ninkina N.N., Buchman V.L. Chicken synucleins: cloning and expression in the developing embryo. Mech. Dev. 2000. No. 99(1-2). Pp. 195-198.Tiunova A.A., Anokhin K.V., Saha A.R., Schmidt O., Hanger D.P., Anderton B.H., Davies A.M., Ninkina N.N., Buchman V.L. Chicken synucleins: cloning and expression in the developing embryo. Mech. Dev. 2000. No. 99(1-2). Pp. 195-198.Vivacqua G., Casini A., Vaccaro R., Fornai F., Yu S., D'Este L. Different sub-cellular localization of alpha-synuclein in the C57BL6J mouse's central nervous system by two novel monoclonal antibodies. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2011. No. 41(2). Pp. 97-110.Vivacqua G., Casini A., Vaccaro R., Fornai F., Yu S., D'Este L. Different sub-cellular localization of alpha-synuclein in the C57BL6J mouse's central nervous system by two novel monoclonal antibodies. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2011. No. 41(2). Pp. 97-110.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.