scbmtБИОМЕДИЦИНАJournal Biomed2074-59822713-0428Scientific center of biomedical technologies of Federal Medical and Biological Agencyscbmt-968Research ArticleСтатьиИнновационные лекарства и нелетальные технологии ХХI векаКаркищенкоНиколай Николаевичnoemail@neicon.ruНаучный центр биомедицинских технологий РАМН, МоскваRussian Federation20061302202013521Copyright © Каркищенко Н.Н., 20202020Каркищенко Н.Н.Каркищенко Н.Н.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/968

Прогресс в создании инновационных лекарств и их скрининг будет развиваться через оценку их влияния на серпантинные G-белки. На основе полиморфизма лиганд-рецепторной системы GPCR и расшифровки CURL (compartment of uncoeping of receptors and ligands) автором предложена концепция унитропизма. Нелетальные технологии и любые нелетальные факторы, предназначенные для воздействия на человека, должны оцениваться, валидироваться и экспертироваться исключительно по требованиям, разрабатываемым для новых лекарств, ксенобиотиков и медицинской техники.

Ключевые слова: унитропизмфармакопротеомикафармакогеномиказащита от нелетальных воздействийReferencesAltiok N., Balmform A.J., Fredholm B.B. - Adenosine A1 receptor-induced cAMP changes in d384 astrocytoma cells and the effect of bradikinin thereon. // Acta Physiol Scand 144, p. 55-63, 1992.Altiok N., Balmform A.J., Fredholm B.B. - Adenosine A1 receptor-induced cAMP changes in d384 astrocytoma cells and the effect of bradikinin thereon. // Acta Physiol Scand 144, p. 55-63, 1992.Altiok N., Fredholm B.B. - Bradykinin inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in d384 astrocytoma cells. Evidence against a role of cyclic GMP. // Neurochem Int 21, p. 209-213, 1992.Altiok N., Fredholm B.B. - Bradykinin inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in d384 astrocytoma cells. Evidence against a role of cyclic GMP. // Neurochem Int 21, p. 209-213, 1992.Auchampach J.A., Gross G.J. - Adenosine A1 receptors, KATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. // Am J Physiol 264, p. H1327-H1336.Auchampach J.A., Gross G.J. - Adenosine A1 receptors, KATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. // Am J Physiol 264, p. H1327-H1336.Baraldi P.G., Cacciari B., Merighi S., Varani K., Borea P.A., Spalluto G. - A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. // Med. Res Rev 20, p.103-128, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Cacciari B., Merighi S., Varani K., Borea P.A., Spalluto G. - A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. // Med. Res Rev 20, p.103-128, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Zaid A.N., Lampronti I., Fruttarolo F., Pavani M.G., Tabrizi M.A., Shryock J.C, Leung E., Romagnoli R. Synthesis and biological effects of a new serias of 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes as allosteric enhancers of A1-adenosine receptor. // Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10, p. 1953-1957, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Zaid A.N., Lampronti I., Fruttarolo F., Pavani M.G., Tabrizi M.A., Shryock J.C, Leung E., Romagnoli R. Synthesis and biological effects of a new serias of 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes as allosteric enhancers of A1-adenosine receptor. // Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10, p. 1953-1957, 2000.Berretta S., Robertson H.A., Graybiel A.M. Dopamine and glutamate agonists stimulate neuron-specific expression of Fos-like protein in the striatum. // J Neurophysiol. 68, p.767-777.Berretta S., Robertson H.A., Graybiel A.M. Dopamine and glutamate agonists stimulate neuron-specific expression of Fos-like protein in the striatum. // J Neurophysiol. 68, p.767-777.Brown R., Ollerstam A., Johansson B., Skott O., Gerbe-Medhin S., Persson A.E. Aboliched tubuloglomerular feedback and increased plasma rennin in adenosine A1 receptor-deficient mice. // Am J Physiol 281, p. R1362-R1367.Brown R., Ollerstam A., Johansson B., Skott O., Gerbe-Medhin S., Persson A.E. Aboliched tubuloglomerular feedback and increased plasma rennin in adenosine A1 receptor-deficient mice. // Am J Physiol 281, p. R1362-R1367.Bruns R.F., Fegrus J.H. Allosteric enhancement of adenosine A1 receptor binding and function by 2-amino-3- benzoylthiophenes. // Mol Pharmacol 38, p. 939-949, 1990.Bruns R.F., Fegrus J.H. Allosteric enhancement of adenosine A1 receptor binding and function by 2-amino-3- benzoylthiophenes. // Mol Pharmacol 38, p. 939-949, 1990.Chen J.F., Moratalla R., Impagnatiello F., Grandy D.K., Cuellar B., Rubinstein M., Beilstein M.A., Hackett E., Fink J.S., Low M.J., Ongini E., Schwarzschild M.A. The role of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) in A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A2A and D2 receptor knockout mice. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, p.1970-1975, 2001.Chen J.F., Moratalla R., Impagnatiello F., Grandy D.K., Cuellar B., Rubinstein M., Beilstein M.A., Hackett E., Fink J.S., Low M.J., Ongini E., Schwarzschild M.A. The role of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) in A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A2A and D2 receptor knockout mice. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, p.1970-1975, 2001.Cronstein B.N. Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. // J Appl Physiol, 76, p. 5-13, 1994.Cronstein B.N. Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. // J Appl Physiol, 76, p. 5-13, 1994.Cunha R.A., Dunwiddia T.V., Constantino M.D., Sebastiao A.M., Fredholm B.B. Evidence for high-affinity binding sites for the adenosine A2A receptor agonist [3H] CGS 21680 in the rat hippocampus and different from striatal A2A receptors. // Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 353, p.261-271, 1996. 12. de Mendonca A., Ribeiro J.A. Adenosine inhibits the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential in the hippocampus. // Brain Res 606: p.351-356, 1993. 13. de Mendonca A., Sebastiano A.M., Ribeiro J.A. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurons by adenosine A1 receptor activation. // Neuroreport 6, p.1097-1100.Cunha R.A., Dunwiddia T.V., Constantino M.D., Sebastiao A.M., Fredholm B.B. Evidence for high-affinity binding sites for the adenosine A2A receptor agonist [3H] CGS 21680 in the rat hippocampus and different from striatal A2A receptors. // Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 353, p.261-271, 1996. 12. de Mendonca A., Ribeiro J.A. Adenosine inhibits the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential in the hippocampus. // Brain Res 606: p.351-356, 1993. 13. de Mendonca A., Sebastiano A.M., Ribeiro J.A. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurons by adenosine A1 receptor activation. // Neuroreport 6, p.1097-1100.Deckert J., Gleiter C.H. Adenosine-an endodenous neuroprotective metabolite and neuromodulator. // J Neural Transm Suppl 43, p.32-31, 1994.Deckert J., Gleiter C.H. Adenosine-an endodenous neuroprotective metabolite and neuromodulator. // J Neural Transm Suppl 43, p.32-31, 1994.Delaney S.M., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. II. Regulation of basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced levels by inhibitors of adenosine transport and metabolism. // J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p.568-572, 1998.Delaney S.M., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. II. Regulation of basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced levels by inhibitors of adenosine transport and metabolism. // J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p.568-572, 1998.Delaney S.M., Shepel P.N., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. I Regulation by ionotropic glutamate receptors, nitric oxide and free radicals. // J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p. 561-567.Delaney S.M., Shepel P.N., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. I Regulation by ionotropic glutamate receptors, nitric oxide and free radicals. // J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p. 561-567.Dunwiddia T.V., Fredholm B.B. Adenosine neuromodulation, in Purinergis Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics (Jacobson KA and Jarvis MF eds) pp. 359-382, 1997.Dunwiddia T.V., Fredholm B.B. Adenosine neuromodulation, in Purinergis Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics (Jacobson KA and Jarvis MF eds) pp. 359-382, 1997.Dunwiddia T.V., Masino S.A., Poelchen W., Diao L., Johansson B., ., Fredholm B.B. Altered electrophysiological sensitivity to A1 but not GABAβ agonists in the hippocampal CA1 region in adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice. // Society for Neuroscience 26, p.816-818, 2000.Dunwiddia T.V., Masino S.A., Poelchen W., Diao L., Johansson B., ., Fredholm B.B. Altered electrophysiological sensitivity to A1 but not GABAβ agonists in the hippocampal CA1 region in adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice. // Society for Neuroscience 26, p.816-818, 2000.Ellert F.J., Roeske W.R., Braestru C. et al. Europ. J. Pharm. Vol. 70,№4, p 593-596,1981.Ellert F.J., Roeske W.R., Braestru C. et al. Europ. J. Pharm. Vol. 70,№4, p 593-596,1981.Ferre S., Popoli P., Gimenez-Llort L., Finnman U.B., Matrinez E., Scotti de Carolis A., Fuxe K. - Postsynapsic antagonistic interaction between adenosine A1 and dopamine D1 receptos. // Neuroreport 6, p. 73-76, 1994.Ferre S., Popoli P., Gimenez-Llort L., Finnman U.B., Matrinez E., Scotti de Carolis A., Fuxe K. - Postsynapsic antagonistic interaction between adenosine A1 and dopamine D1 receptos. // Neuroreport 6, p. 73-76, 1994.Ferre S., Torvinen M., Antoniou K., Irenius E., Givelli O., Arenas E., Fredholm B.B, Fuxe K. - Adenosine A1 receptor mediated modulation of dopamine D1 receptors in stably contrastfected fibroblast cells. // J Biol. Chem 273, p.4718-4724, 1998.Ferre S., Torvinen M., Antoniou K., Irenius E., Givelli O., Arenas E., Fredholm B.B, Fuxe K. - Adenosine A1 receptor mediated modulation of dopamine D1 receptors in stably contrastfected fibroblast cells. // J Biol. Chem 273, p.4718-4724, 1998.Fujimoto M., Hirai K., Okabayashi T. Life Sci. Vol. 30, № 1, p.51-57, 1982.Fujimoto M., Hirai K., Okabayashi T. Life Sci. Vol. 30, № 1, p.51-57, 1982.Kenakin T.A Pharmacology Primer: Theory, Application, and Methods. Academic Press [Elsevier], 2003.Kenakin T.A Pharmacology Primer: Theory, Application, and Methods. Academic Press [Elsevier], 2003.Каркищенко Н.Н. Психоунитропизм лекарственных средств. - М.: Медицина, 1993. - 208 с.Каркищенко Н.Н. Психоунитропизм лекарственных средств. - М.: Медицина, 1993. - 208 с.Каркищенко Н.Н., Солодилов В.В., Бардахчьян Э.А. // Изв. СКНЦ ВШ. Естеств. науки. - 1988. - № 1. - С.121-125.Каркищенко Н.Н., Солодилов В.В., Бардахчьян Э.А. // Изв. СКНЦ ВШ. Естеств. науки. - 1988. - № 1. - С.121-125.Valdes F., Fenelli R.L., NcNamara J.O. Life Sci. Vol.29, № 18, p.1895-1900, 1981.Valdes F., Fenelli R.L., NcNamara J.O. Life Sci. Vol.29, № 18, p.1895-1900, 1981.Wheelis M. Biotechnology and Biochemical Weapons. The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 9, no 1, 2002.Wheelis M. Biotechnology and Biochemical Weapons. The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 9, no 1, 2002.Altiok N., Balmform A.J., Fredholm B.B. - Adenosine A1 receptor-induced cAMP changes in d384 astrocytoma cells and the effect of bradikinin thereon. // Acta Physiol Scand 144, p. 55-63, 1992.Altiok N., Balmform A.J., Fredholm B.B. - Adenosine A1 receptor-induced cAMP changes in d384 astrocytoma cells and the effect of bradikinin thereon. // Acta Physiol Scand 144, p. 55-63, 1992.Altiok N., Fredholm B.B. - Bradykinin inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in d384 astrocytoma cells. Evidence against a role of cyclic GMP. // Neurochem Int 21, p. 209-213, 1992.Altiok N., Fredholm B.B. - Bradykinin inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in d384 astrocytoma cells. Evidence against a role of cyclic GMP. // Neurochem Int 21, p. 209-213, 1992.Auchampach J.A., Gross G.J. - Adenosine A1 receptors, KATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. // Am J Physiol 264, p. H1327-H1336.Auchampach J.A., Gross G.J. - Adenosine A1 receptors, KATP channels, and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. // Am J Physiol 264, p. H1327-H1336.Baraldi P.G., Cacciari B., Merighi S., Varani K., Borea P.A., Spalluto G. - A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. // Med. Res Rev 20, p.103-128, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Cacciari B., Merighi S., Varani K., Borea P.A., Spalluto G. - A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. // Med. Res Rev 20, p.103-128, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Zaid A.N., Lampronti I., Fruttarolo F., Pavani M.G., Tabrizi M.A., Shryock J.C, Leung E., Romagnoli R. Synthesis and biological effects of a new serias of 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes as allosteric enhancers of A1-adenosine receptor. // Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10, p. 1953-1957, 2000.Baraldi P.G., Zaid A.N., Lampronti I., Fruttarolo F., Pavani M.G., Tabrizi M.A., Shryock J.C, Leung E., Romagnoli R. Synthesis and biological effects of a new serias of 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophenes as allosteric enhancers of A1-adenosine receptor. // Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10, p. 1953-1957, 2000.Berretta S., Robertson H.A., Graybiel A.M. Dopamine and glutamate agonists stimulate neuron-specific expression of Fos-like protein in the striatum. // J Neurophysiol. 68, p.767-777.Berretta S., Robertson H.A., Graybiel A.M. Dopamine and glutamate agonists stimulate neuron-specific expression of Fos-like protein in the striatum. // J Neurophysiol. 68, p.767-777.Brown R., Ollerstam A., Johansson B., Skott O., Gerbe-Medhin S., Persson A.E. Aboliched tubuloglomerular feedback and increased plasma rennin in adenosine A1 receptor-deficient mice. // Am J Physiol 281, p. R1362-R1367.Brown R., Ollerstam A., Johansson B., Skott O., Gerbe-Medhin S., Persson A.E. Aboliched tubuloglomerular feedback and increased plasma rennin in adenosine A1 receptor-deficient mice. // Am J Physiol 281, p. R1362-R1367.Bruns R.F., Fegrus J.H. Allosteric enhancement of adenosine A1 receptor binding and function by 2-amino-3- benzoylthiophenes. // Mol Pharmacol 38, p. 939-949, 1990.Bruns R.F., Fegrus J.H. Allosteric enhancement of adenosine A1 receptor binding and function by 2-amino-3- benzoylthiophenes. // Mol Pharmacol 38, p. 939-949, 1990.Chen J.F., Moratalla R., Impagnatiello F., Grandy D.K., Cuellar B., Rubinstein M., Beilstein M.A., Hackett E., Fink J.S., Low M.J., Ongini E., Schwarzschild M.A. The role of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) in A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A2A and D2 receptor knockout mice. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, p.1970-1975, 2001.Chen J.F., Moratalla R., Impagnatiello F., Grandy D.K., Cuellar B., Rubinstein M., Beilstein M.A., Hackett E., Fink J.S., Low M.J., Ongini E., Schwarzschild M.A. The role of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) in A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A2A and D2 receptor knockout mice. // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, p.1970-1975, 2001.Cronstein B.N. Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. // J Appl Physiol, 76, p. 5-13, 1994.Cronstein B.N. Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent. // J Appl Physiol, 76, p. 5-13, 1994.Cunha R.A., Dunwiddia T.V., Constantino M.D., Sebastiao A.M., Fredholm B.B. Evidence for high-affinity binding sites for the adenosine A2A receptor agonist [3H] CGS 21680 in the rat hippocampus and different from striatal A2A receptors. // Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 353, p.261-271, 1996.Cunha R.A., Dunwiddia T.V., Constantino M.D., Sebastiao A.M., Fredholm B.B. Evidence for high-affinity binding sites for the adenosine A2A receptor agonist [3H] CGS 21680 in the rat hippocampus and different from striatal A2A receptors. // Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 353, p.261-271, 1996.de Mendonca A., Ribeiro J.A. Adenosine inhibits the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential in the hippocampus. // Brain Res 606: p.351-356, 1993.de Mendonca A., Ribeiro J.A. Adenosine inhibits the NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential in the hippocampus. // Brain Res 606: p.351-356, 1993.de Mendonca A., Sebastiano A.M., Ribeiro J.A. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurons by adenosine A1 receptor activation. // Neuroreport 6, p.1097-1100.de Mendonca A., Sebastiano A.M., Ribeiro J.A. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurons by adenosine A1 receptor activation. // Neuroreport 6, p.1097-1100.Deckert J., Gleiter C.H. Adenosine-an endodenous neuroprotective metabolite and neuromodulator. // J Neural Transm Suppl 43, p.32-31, 1994.Deckert J., Gleiter C.H. Adenosine-an endodenous neuroprotective metabolite and neuromodulator. // J Neural Transm Suppl 43, p.32-31, 1994.Delaney S.M., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. II. Regulation of basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced levels by inhibitors of adenosine transport and metabolism. // J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p.568-572, 1998.Delaney S.M., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. II. Regulation of basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced levels by inhibitors of adenosine transport and metabolism. // J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p.568-572, 1998.Delaney S.M., Shepel P.N., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. I Regulation by ionotropic glutamate receptors, nitric oxide and free radicals. // J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p. 561-567.Delaney S.M., Shepel P.N., Geiger J.D. Levels of endogenous adenosine in rat striatum. I Regulation by ionotropic glutamate receptors, nitric oxide and free radicals. // J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 285, p. 561-567.Dunwiddia T.V., Fredholm B.B. Adenosine neuromodulation, in Purinergis Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics (Jacobson KA and Jarvis MF eds) pp. 359-382, 1997.Dunwiddia T.V., Fredholm B.B. Adenosine neuromodulation, in Purinergis Approaches in Experimental Therapeutics (Jacobson KA and Jarvis MF eds) pp. 359-382, 1997.Dunwiddia T.V., Masino S.A., Poelchen W., Diao L., Johansson B., ., Fredholm B.B. Altered electrophysiological sensitivity to A1 but not GABAβ agonists in the hippocampal CA1 region in adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice. // Society for Neuroscience 26, p.816-818, 2000.Dunwiddia T.V., Masino S.A., Poelchen W., Diao L., Johansson B., ., Fredholm B.B. Altered electrophysiological sensitivity to A1 but not GABAβ agonists in the hippocampal CA1 region in adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice. // Society for Neuroscience 26, p.816-818, 2000.Ellert F.J., Roeske W.R., Braestru C. et al. Europ. J. Pharm. Vol. 70,№4, p 593-596,1981.Ellert F.J., Roeske W.R., Braestru C. et al. Europ. J. Pharm. Vol. 70,№4, p 593-596,1981.Ferre S., Popoli P., Gimenez-Llort L., Finnman U.B., Matrinez E., Scotti de Carolis A., Fuxe K. - Postsynapsic antagonistic interaction between adenosine A1 and dopamine D1 receptos. // Neuroreport 6, p. 73-76, 1994.Ferre S., Popoli P., Gimenez-Llort L., Finnman U.B., Matrinez E., Scotti de Carolis A., Fuxe K. - Postsynapsic antagonistic interaction between adenosine A1 and dopamine D1 receptos. // Neuroreport 6, p. 73-76, 1994.Ferre S., Torvinen M., Antoniou K., Irenius E., Givelli O., Arenas E., Fredholm B.B, Fuxe K. - Adenosine A1 receptor mediated modulation of dopamine D1 receptors in stably contrastfected fibroblast cells. // J Biol. Chem 273, p.4718-4724, 1998.Ferre S., Torvinen M., Antoniou K., Irenius E., Givelli O., Arenas E., Fredholm B.B, Fuxe K. - Adenosine A1 receptor mediated modulation of dopamine D1 receptors in stably contrastfected fibroblast cells. // J Biol. Chem 273, p.4718-4724, 1998.Fujimoto M., Hirai K., Okabayashi T. Life Sci. Vol. 30, № 1, p.51-57, 1982.Fujimoto M., Hirai K., Okabayashi T. Life Sci. Vol. 30, № 1, p.51-57, 1982.Kenakin T.A Pharmacology Primer: Theory, Application, and Methods. Academic Press [Elsevier], 2003.Kenakin T.A Pharmacology Primer: Theory, Application, and Methods. Academic Press [Elsevier], 2003.Каркищенко Н.Н. Психоунитропизм лекарственных средств. - М.: Медицина, 1993. - 208 с.Каркищенко Н.Н. Психоунитропизм лекарственных средств. - М.: Медицина, 1993. - 208 с.Каркищенко Н.Н., Солодилов В.В., Бардахчьян Э.А. // Изв. СКНЦ ВШ. Естеств. науки. - 1988. - № 1. - С.121-125.Каркищенко Н.Н., Солодилов В.В., Бардахчьян Э.А. // Изв. СКНЦ ВШ. Естеств. науки. - 1988. - № 1. - С.121-125.Valdes F., Fenelli R.L., NcNamara J.O. Life Sci. Vol.29, № 18, p.1895-1900, 1981.Valdes F., Fenelli R.L., NcNamara J.O. Life Sci. Vol.29, № 18, p.1895-1900, 1981.Wheelis M. Biotechnology and Biochemical Weapons. The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 9, no 1, 2002.Wheelis M. Biotechnology and Biochemical Weapons. The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 9, no 1, 2002.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.