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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scbmt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">БИОМЕДИЦИНА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal Biomed</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-5982</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-0428</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific center of biomedical technologies of Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">scbmt-98</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕЛЕВАНТНОЕ И АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЕ БИОМОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RELEVANT AND ALTERNATIVE BIOMODELLING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Способы моделирования и морфофункциональные маркеры ишемии головного мозга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Methods of modeling and morphofunctional markers of cerebral ischemia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бонь</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bon`</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">e_bon@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимович</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimovich</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">УО «Гродненский государственный медицинский университет»<country>Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бонь Е.И., Максимович Н.Е., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бонь Е.И., Максимович Н.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bon` E.I., Maksimovich N.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/98">https://journal.scbmt.ru/jour/article/view/98</self-uri><abstract><p>В структуре заболеваемости и смертности во всем мире лидирующие позиции занимают цереброваскулярные заболевания, ведущими среди которых являются ишемические повреждения головного мозга. Церебральная ишемия представляет собой тяжелое нейродегенеративное состояние, которое, в зависимости от затронутой области, может препятствовать реализации когнитивных и моторных функций центральной нервной системы. Даже кратковременная ишемия головного мозга (ИГМ) ведет к его глубоким повреждениям. Ключевыми звеньями патогенеза ИГМ являются недостаток оксигенации нейронов, угнетение в мозге аэробного и активация анаэробного пути утилизации глюкозы, снижение энергообразования, нарушение транспорта потенциал-определяющих ионов, изменение кислотно-основного состояния, эксайтотоксичность, активация воспалительного процесса, возникновение окислительного и нитрозативного стресса, апоптоза. Эти процессы не могут быть смоделированы in vitro , и большая часть исследований патологии головного мозга ишемического генеза проводится на животных. Адекватные модели церебральной ишемии способствуют детализации их патогенеза и позволяют изучать динамику адаптационных механизмов, что служит фундаментальной основой для усовершенствования диагностики, лечения и профилактики этой патологии. В литературе представлены многообразные способы, позволяющие осуществить моделирование ИГМ различной степени выраженности и разного патогенетического варианта. Полная (тотальная) ИГМ достигается путем декапитации, остановки сердца или окклюзии аорты либо полой вены, неполная (субтотальная) ишемия - путем окклюзии обеих общих сонных артерий на фоне интракраниальной гипертензии, частичная ишемия - путем окклюзии общей сонной артерии, фокальная ишемия - путем окклюзии средней мозговой артерии либо ее эмболии макросферами, мультифокальная церебральная ишемия - путем множественной эмболии микросферами. Настоящий обзор посвящен анализу и систематизации сведений литературы по вопросам моделирования ИГМ и описанию структурных и метаболических нарушений нейронов неокортекса и гиппокампа. Степень выраженности данных изменений выступить в качестве маркеров глубины гипоксического повреждения и эффективности используемых способов их коррекции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the structure of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the leading positions are occupied by cerebrovascular diseases, the leading among which are ischemic brain damage. Cerebral ischemia is a severe neurodegenerative condition that, depending on the affected area, can interfere with the realization of cognitive and motor functions of the central nervous system. Even short-term cerebral ischemia leads to its deep damage. The key links in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia are the lack of oxygenation of neurons, inhibition of aerobic activity in the brain and activation of the anaerobic pathway for glucose utilization, decreased energy production, disruption of transport of potential-determining ions, changes in the acid-base state, excitotoxicity, activation of the inflammatory process, oxidative and nitrosative stress, apoptosis. These processes cannot be modeled in vitro, and most of the studies of brain pathology of ischemic genesis are carried out on animals. Adequate models of cerebral ischemia contribute to detailing their pathogenesis and allow us to study the dynamics of adaptive mechanisms, which serves as a fundamental basis for improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this pathology. The literature presents a variety of methods that allow the simulation of cerebral ischemia of varying degrees and different pathogenetic variants. Complete (total) cerebral ischemia is achieved by decapitation, cardiac arrest or occlusion of the aorta or hollow vein, incomplete (subtotal) ischemia - by occlusion of both common carotid arteries against intracranial hypertension, partial ischemia - by occlusion of the common carotid artery, focal ischemia - by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery or its embolism by macrospheres, multifocal cerebral ischemia - by multiple embolism microspheres. This review is devoted to the analysis and systematization of literature data on the modeling of cerebral ischemia and the description of structural and metabolic disorders of the neocortex and hippocampus neurons. The degree of expression of these changes act as markers of the depth of hypoxic damage and the effectiveness of the methods used to correct them.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемия</kwd><kwd>головной мозг</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ischemia</kwd><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богатырева М.Д., Клочихина О.А., Стаховская Л.В. Эпидемиология инсульта в Ставропольском крае // Медицинский вестник Северного Кавказа. - 2013. - Т. 8. - № 1. - С. 34-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Богатырева М.Д., Клочихина О.А., Стаховская Л.В. 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