Common complications of pharmacotherapy involve damage to the gastrointestinal tract, development of resistance to traditional therapy, destruction of the intramural nervous system of the intestines, changes in the opportunistic microflora, dysfunctions of the intestinal immune system. According to WHO experts, diseases of the digestive system are expected to become one of the leading causes of disability. This paper reviews current publications on drug-induced injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, including those induced by drugs aimed at preventing such conditions. Side effects of NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, minerals, neuroleptics, antibiotics, cytostatics, saluretics, anticoagulants, contraceptives, as well as enemas, suppositories and other drugs are described. Published review papers paid significant attention to drug-induced injuries of the stomach; however, there is a lack of data on drug-induced lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. This paper aims to brigde this gap. New approaches to correction and organ protection are described. The epigenetic issues related to the pluripotency of stem cells are considered. In the Russian Federation, a regulatory framework was created to regulate all the fundamental processes associated with the production and use of biomedical cell products and biotechnologies.

Analysis of intracentral brain relationships, cognitive and psychopathological processes in animals by means of pharmacological modulation is an optimal method of cognition, determining the possibilities of correlation with similar processes in humans. New methods and approaches to biomodulation of psychopathologies, based on the principles of pharmaco-EEG standardization using fast Fourier-transformed brain electrograms and elements of systemic behavior, allow to identify quantitative parameters of fundamental mechanisms of neuropsychoactive agents in the cat brain.

By changing the neurochemical balance of the brain, neurotropic substances affect its bioelectric activity. For each class of such substances, their unique pattern of affecting EEG can be determined by pharmaco-EEG. The moment, when specific EEG patterns appear, manifests the achievement of a threshold dose. We propose a formula for calculating the threshold dose, which relates the infusion rate of a substance and the appearance of specific EEG patterns. This approach can complement existing methods for determining the threshold dose and increase the validity of the data obtained.

The treatment of depressive disorders remains a relevant problem in medical practice. Depression is frequently treated by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among which fluoxetine is one of the most popular drugs. In order to improve the pharmacotherapy of depression, combinations of SSRIs with other pharmaceutical groups, e.g. epiphyseal hormone melatonin, are practiced. The key aim in improving the quality of depression treatment remains the search and development of more powerful and fast-acting antidepressants. In this context, research attention has recently been focused on valdoxan, an agonist of melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ and serotonin 5-HT2c receptors. Quantitative pharmaco-EEG is the most efficient method for evaluating the efficacy of the pharmacotherapy of mental pathologies. In this study, EEG rhythms of rats with experimental depression were analyzed following the administration of the aforementioned drugs. It was found that valdoxan, compared to fluoxetine and its combination with melaxen, contributes to the fastest normalization of the brain’s bioelectric activity in animals. In particular, this drug contributes to a significant increase in the activity of the EEG theta rhythm, which dominates in animals in the norm.

Mice treatment with pregnant mare gonadotropin serum (PMGS) in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is considered to be the “golden standard” of the induced superovulation procedure. The effect of administering the same doses may differ depending on the manufacturer of the preparation. According to our results, the use of PMGS produced by Synchrostim 500 (Ceva Sante Animale, France) and Sergon (Bioveta, Czech Republic) at a hormone dose of 5ME allows ~25 embryos to be obtained from one female. At the same time, the working dose of Follimagum (Mosagrogen, Russia) was not determined. The result comparable with that of Synchrostim 500 and Sergon was achieved using a composite drug Menopur (Ferring, Germany). The study of the influence of mice age on the hormonal response showed 3–4 weeks to be the most productive age, when the maximal number of viable embryos was obtained under a minimal external invasion.

This paper proposes a new method for separating lymphoid cells (mononuclears) from the whole blood of Svetlogorsk mini-pigs according to the method described by J. Klaus.

The use of various models of inhalational drug administration in pre-clinical studies is strongly limited due to the influence of liquid aerosol on the exploratory behaviour of small laboratory rodents. There are two approaches to modelling inhalational administration, which involve two types of chambers: “whole-body” and “nose-only”. In this work, we compared a change in the parameters of exploratory behaviour depending on the type of chambers used.

Previous publications reported the use of remote ischemic preconditioning (rIPC) as a non-drug method for increasing physical performance. However, the reported data are of a contradictory nature. Aim: to evaluate the potential of rIPC for increasing the physical performance of laboratory animals. The study was performed on 72 white outbred male rats. An assessment of the physical performance was carried out using a modified Porsolt test. The hind limbs of non-anesthetized animals were subjected to preconditioning. The results of a single and course (during 5 days) application of rIPC was evaluated. A single use of rIPC increased the average swimming time in the experimental group by 38.5%. The course application of rIPC did not lead to significant changes in the indicators of physical performance in any of the animal groups.

The atomic nuclei of cosmic rays possessing a high kinetic energy pose a significant threat to living organisms outside the Earth’s magnetic field. However, surprisingly, a series of ground-based studies using progressive models of combined irradiation revealed positive effects of such rays in relation to the functions of the central nervous system. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown. We have previously proposed a hypothesis that the serotonergic system may be involved in the realization of these effects. This research investigates the content of a number of biomolecules participating in serotonergic neurotransmission in selected morphological brain structures of rats under combined (γ-rays and ¹²C⁶⁺) irradiation. The revealed increase in 5-HT_2a in the prefrontal cortex may be a key link in the mechanism responsible for enhancing cognitive functions under moderate doses of ionizing radiation.

The antiarrhythmic activity of the type 2 sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitor Empagliflozin was studied in a model induced by calcium chloride in C57BL mice. It was found that preliminary administration of Empagliflozin at a dose of 1 mg/kg prevented CaCl2-induced ventricular arrhythmia and death during four periods of the biological half-life of the drug.

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of L-ornithine L-aspartate on the physical performance of C57BL/6 mice with experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-caloric “western” diet combined with intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride injections. Using the forced swim test and triple weight-loaded exhaustive swim test, this model of NAFLD was shown to cause a significant impairment of physical performance and a decrease in physical recovery. L-ornithine L-aspartate was found to significantly improve physical performance and benefit post-exercise recovery in mice with NAFLD.

The article demonstrates the importance of observing the time interval between hemostatic and anticoagulant therapy for at least 18 hours, particularly when using tranexamic acid as a hemostatic drug. The developed complications of a thrombotic and hemorrhagic nature in the early postoperative period after knee and hip arthroplasty were analyzed. Schemes of hemostatic and anticoagulant agents, which developed thrombosis and hemorrhagic complications, were also determined.

The article presents the results of a complex clinical and bacteriological study aimed at determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of microflora in the pharyngeal lymphatic ring. The microflora composition was determined in terms of microorganism identification and their sensitivity to antibacterial and antimycotic drugs in patients with the compensated form of chronic tonsillopharyngitis (CCTP). It was revealed that β-hemolytic streptococcus is the most etiologically significant microorganism in the development of CCTP. In addition, populations of microorganisms growing in the throat of people with CCTP exhibit a high resistance to antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Thus, 57.14% of the detected microorganisms showed resistance to several antibacterial drugs, and the identified Candida cultures demonstrated resistance to 3–4 antimycotic drugs in 52.3% of cases.

A study involving 45 patients with ulcerative colitis found that the activity of the Cathepsin K bone resorption marker measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in gingival fluid could be used as a non-invasive control over the development of steroid osteoporosis caused by systemic use of glucocorticoids. When the concentration of Cathepsin K in the gingival fluid exceeded 3.7 pmol/L, the risk of developing osteoporosis in patients with ulcerative colitis taking glucocorticosteroids on a regular basis increased by 7.9 times with a diagnostic accuracy of 82.6% (p=0.002). As a result of the study, an effective method for non-invasive assessment of osteoresorbable side effects of glucocorticosteroids in autoimmune diseases was proposed.

Signs associated with adverse cardiovascular reactions after surgery were established in 46 patients with arterial hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias and type I amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis. These signs included an increase in the circadian index above 1.52, the presence of pauses in the heart rate for more than 3 seconds, the number of group ventricular extrasystoles per day exceeding 30, an increase in LF/HF with RR-intervalometry more than 1.3. In order to reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias in the postoperative period, a premedication with long-acting benzodiazepines in combination with magnesium preparations over a prolonged course is recommended.

The antihypoxic activity of a new benzimidazole derivative with dicarboxylic acid under histotoxic hypoxia was studied. It was established that the studied pharmacological agent at a dose of 25 mg/kg increases the life expectancy of animals by 2 times compared with the control group, 1.3 times compared to ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrochloride and 1.2 times compared to ethylmethylhydroxyperidine succinate.

The present work describes the currently existing experimental models of sulphur mustard gas inhalation injury. These models were analysed in terms of their suitability for the development of medical protective equipment. It is proposed to use micro-sprayers, which provide the possibility of transferring mustard gas from a liquid state to an aerosol form while exhibiting an increased ergonomic simplicity and safety.

The current work assesses the efficacy of a course of intramuscular administration of dexamethasone at doses of 1 or 4 mg/kg when modelling sulphur mustard aerosol inhalation injury. To this end, the average lethal doses, the median death time and the protection coefficients were calculated for rats with sulphur mustard inhalation injury induced by a micro-sprayer. In the treatment regimen used, dexamethasone showed low levels of efficacy, possibly due to its pleiotropic effect on the immune system.

The article is devoted to a topical issue in pharmacology, i.e. undesirable side reactions. Modern ideas about the possible causes of their occurrence and prevalence in the world are presented. The main problems and corresponding tasks of developing the pharmacovigilance system in Russia are outlined.

Research into cardiorespiratory responses to prolonged hypoxia (more than 60 minutes) is of particular interest in terms of elucidating adaptive mechanisms under the conditions of oxygen deficiency. Aim: to identify the parameters of the cardiorespiratory system under relative rest most sensitive to hypoxia and to determine the most optimal time interval for a hypoxic test. Experiments were carried out in a normobaric hypoxic complex, in which hypoxic respiratory gas conditions were created corresponding to the partial oxygen pressure at altitudes of 3500 and 4500 m. Cardiorespiratory responses were evaluated using a MetaLyzer 3B ergospirometric system (Cortex, Germany). Indicators sensitive to moderate normobaric hypoxia under relative rest include hemoglobin oxygen saturation (the most sensitive indicator), oxygen and carbon dioxide ventilation efficiency (VE/VO₂ and VE/VCO₂), respiratory rate and respiratory coefficient (VCO₂/ VO₂). A significant change in the indicators of the cardiorespiratory system at an altitude of 4500 m was noted within 5 minutes following hypoxic exposure; therefore, normobaric hypoxic tests should be carried out at this height under the hypoxic exposure of 30 minutes.

The article presents information about the potential effectiveness of polyprenols as a means of neuropharmacology. To confirm the neuroprotective effect of polyprenols, their effectiveness was studied in the case of chronic exposure to carbendazim. In such conditions, chronic damage to nerve cells is developed through violating the homeostasis of neurospecific proteins (S-100, MBP) and trophic factors, as well as a sharp activation of lipid peroxidation processes. The administration of polyphenols (2 mg/kg once a day for 2 weeks) to laboratory animals under modelled conditions reduced the manifestations of neurointoxication and statistically significantly contributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant defence enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase).