The article describes stages in the development of an electrooptical method for diagnosing blood supply disorders in the human brain. The proposed method is based on the comparison and identification of the correspondence of cardiac cycle durations recorded by electrocardiography and photoplethysmography. Electrocardiography was used to record the cardiac cycle as the duration of cardiointervals, which reflect mainly intracardial regulatory mechanisms. Photoplethysmography was used to record the cardiac cycle as the duration of pulse waves, which reflect extracardial regulative mechanisms of the cardiovascular system. Initially, the duration of cardiointervals and pulse waves were recorded and compared in healthy volunteers. The most pronounced coincidence was observed when recording a photoplethysmogram from an ear sensor. Further, the obtained data was compared with that recorded in pathological conditions accompanied by impaired blood supply to the brain, including vertebral artery syndrome in cervical spine osteochondrosis and autonomic dysfunction syndrome. A decrease in the degree of correspondence between the durations of cardiac intervals and pulse waves was found in volunteers with the considered pathologies compared to the norm. Subsequently, based on the duration of cardiac intervals and pulse waves, the volunteers were divided into three groups: the norm group and two groups of the considered pathologies. Finally, based on the results of a discriminant analysis, a set of indicators was identified, allowing the three groups to be differentiated.

It is shown for the first time that debilitating physical activity causes a short-term multiple increase in the transcription of the HMGB1 gene in the cells of the leukocyte blood fraction (lymphocytes) of mini pigs and a statistically significant increase in the level of leukocytes. At the same time, other morphological parameters of the blood remain unchanged due to an increase in the number of neutrophils in the post-exercise period (up to 6 hours inclusive). Neutrophils can be considered both as a marker for investigating the effect of limiting physical activity on the processes associated with recovery and as a potential damaging factor. Lymphocytes are presumably the source of HMGB1 during short-term debilitating physical activity. The revealed increase in HMGB1 gene transcription is of a compensatory nature and is aimed at restoring the HMGB1 lymphocytic protein pool in the post-exercise period. Leukocyte HMGB1 can play the role of a damaging factor or a regeneration factor depending on the type and duration of physical activity, given its specific role in accelerating the formation of new muscle fibers, increasing their size and vascularization of muscle tissue.

Central mechanisms of the liposomal forms of acetylcholine and insulin were studied during their  transmucosal administration to rats. An analysis of the parameters of ultrasonic vocalization, free behavior  and cognitive functions showed a direct effect of the tested substances on the main mechanisms of higher  nervous activity. By means of complex biomedical testing, anxiolytic signs with a sedative component  were established and confirmed, providing an improvement in the consolidation of memory and mental  abilities. The most pronounced effect in the analysis of ultrasonic vocalization was observed for insulin,  while the most informative ethological parameters of rats in the analysis of antidepressant properties in the  maze test were established for acetylcholine. The administration of liposomal insulin and acetylcholine  for 7 days increases the cognitive abilities of animals by more than two times and four times, respectively.  This reflects high-frequency β- and γ-rhythms (above 20 Hz) of the hippocampus associated with the  activity of intercalary neurons and pyramidal brain cells. Innovative targeted delivery of the drugs based  on neurotransmitters and hormones has a convincing effect of acetylcholine and insulin on the cholinergic  and GABAeric systems. This also facilitates modeling and studying the mechanisms and methods  of treating neuropathies.

This article presents a morphological assessment of the neuroprotective activity of dry extracts from Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and Serratula centauroides L. in hypobaric hypoxia/reoxygenation. Experiments were carried out on 32 male Wistar rats. The animals in the experimental groups received R. uni florum and S. centauroides dry extracts at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 14 days, with the last dose administered 30 minutes before inducing hypoxia. The animals in the intact and control groups received purified water according to an analogous scheme. On the 14th day of the experiment, the animals in the control and experimental groups were exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia followed by 3-hour reoxigenation. Acute hypobaric hypoxia was simulated by elevating laboratory animals to a height of 9000 m at a rate of 50 m/sec using altitude test facilities. The animals were kept under these conditions for 30 min followed by 3-hour reoxigenation. Brain histological preparations were prepared by Nissl staining. The degree of neuronal damage was assessed by counting four categories of cells: normochromic, sharply hypochromic, sharply hyperchromic (pyknotic) and shadow cells in the cerebral cortex II–V layers. It was found that R uniflorum and S. centauroides dry extracts limited the formation of pycnotic neurons by 36 and 45%, sharply hypochromic neurons by 10.5 and 7.0 times (p<0.05) and shadow cells by 2.4 and 1.8 times (p<0.05) in the cerebral cortex under the action of hypoxia/reoxygenation. Therefore, dry extracts obtained from R. uniflorum and S. centauroides leaves exhibit a neuroprotective activity under the conditions of hypoxia/reoxygenation.

The energy deficit underlying any form of hypoxia leads to qualitatively similar metabolic and structural changes in various organs and tissues. Antihypoxants are capable of preventing, reducing or eliminating the manifestations of hypoxia by maintaining energy metabolism in a mode sufficient for preserving the structure and functional activity of cells at least at an acceptable minimum level. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of a new antihypoxant drug, Epophen. The study was conducted on female BALB/C mice with a body weight of 19±2 g. It was found that the studied drug belongs to the 4th class of moderately toxic substances in accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76.

In this work, we investigate effects of neuropeptides – analogues of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone – Semax (a registered drug) and ACTH (6-9)-Pro-Gly-Pro (a new compound) – on the intensity of free radical oxidation processes in the immunocompetent organs of male rats exposed to informational stress. The simulated informational stress was found to stimulate peroxidation processes in the immunocompetent organs: thymus and spleen. The decrease in the level of TBK-reactive products in the homogenates of the spleen and thymus tissue of male rats, as well as the rate of lipid peroxidation, determine the protective effect of the studied melanocortins under the conditions of simulated informational stress.