In this study, a procedure was applied to purify lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli based on a hot phenolic extraction protocol. The purity of the extracted lipopolysaccharides was assessed by HPLC-UV. Pyrogenic activity was determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test and used to monitor the functionality of the purified lipopolysaccharides. HPLC analysis showed a high degree of purity comparable to commercial lipopolysaccharide. Pyrogenic activity confirmed the functional activity of purified lipopolysaccharides. The presented protocol can be used to isolate lipopolysaccharides with high purity and functional activity. 

The work is devoted to the study of changes in the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage over time in the modeling of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mice. ARDS was modeled by administering α-galactosylceramide and a mixture of lipopolysaccharide with a complete Freud’s adjuvant. After euthanasia, bronchoalveolar lavage was taken for analysis. On this basis, changes in the total number of white blood cells, the percentage of neutrophils and macrophages were assessed. It was found that the percentage of neutrophils in the ARDS group shows a statistically significant difference from that in the intact group, starting from 3 hours after modeling ARDS. Further, a statistically significant decrease in macrophages was observed. 

The TCF7L2 gene was studied in people with the 1st degree obesity as a molecular genetic marker of obesity. An increased prevalence of the risk allele was found in the study sample compared to the control. It is assumed that the TCF7L2 gene is a risk factor for the development of early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. 

This article describes the role of nanotechnology in cancer treatment. Also the article deals with concepts
such as “nano”, nanotechnology”, “nanotherapy”; the methods of cancer nanotherapy are indicated.

The release rate of Selenopyran, a selenoxanthene synthetic derivative, from 1% gel-cream was studied using a vertical diffusion cell. The experimental results showed that, on average, 77.5% of Selenopyran of the total amount is released from a soft-dosage form sample within 3 hours.

Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a large class of enzymes, whose active site is type b heme. The main function of cytochromes P450 is biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the organism. The cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolizes about 50% of all modern medications; therefore, its catalytic properties present significant research interest. P450 cytochromes can be effectively investigated using electrochemical systems that consist of a solid base (electrode) and a modifier facilitating enzyme immobilization. In this case, the electron donor is an electrode substituting a natural electron donor NAD(P)H and eliminating the need to use redox-partner proteins. The electrode modifier maintains the catalytic enzyme activity and enhances the efficiency of electron transfer when noble metals and carbon materials nanoparticles are included. This work is aimed at creating more effective cytochrome P450 electrochemical systems to increase the yield of metabolites of enzymatic electrocatalytic reactions. 

Regenerative medicine is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field of science. Of primary interest are new materials and mechanisms of their interaction with living organisms. Investigation methods should provide 3D visualization and analysis of quantitative characteristics, while having no effect on the objects under study. For these purposes, methods based on ultrasound and those displaying variations in the elastic properties of samples are promising. 

The development of a fast and highly accurate genotyping protocol is crucial for the use of biomodels with TPH2 gene knockout in experiments. Genotyping of mutant mice is currently carried out using methods that include sequencing or multi-stage PCR. These methods are expensive and time-consuming. This paper presents a comparative analysis of two methods: detection of amplification products by gel electrophoregram and real-time PCR. The procedure for extracting DNA from fragments of mice tails is also considered. 

The normal growth and differentiation of mammalian embryos in vitro during the pre-implantation period depends on the availability of appropriate metabolic substrates. Selection of optimal cultivation conditions when working with microinjected embryos is of significance, since any manipulations can reduce their viability. This is particularly important when obtaining transgenic animals. In order to determine the most effective culture medium, we studied the survival of mouse embryos after the microinjection of a genetically engineered construct into the pronuclei and further cultivation on the M16 and Onestep nutrient media. Compared to the M16 medium, an increase in the number of embryos that developed to the stage of two blastomeres on the Onestep medium was observed. Differences were also revealed in the two control groups, the embryos in which were not subjected to microinjection, but were cultured on the same media under the same conditions as the embryos of the experimental groups. We found that the Onestep medium, in which the percentage of survived embryos exceeded that in the M16 medium, is a more efficient medium for the cultivation of intact embryos. 

We carry out a comparative assessment of the degree of nuclear material disintegration and elimination in the samples of decellularized porcine dermis after using chemical, detergent and enzymatic decellularization methods. Decellularized dermis materials are promising materials as wound dressings. The chemical method (Protocol No. 1) was performed using NaOH and H2 O2 solutions; the detergent method (Protocol No. 2) involved the solutions of Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate in combination with Na2 -EDTA; the enzymatic method (Protocol No. 3) was based on the solutions of trypsin Versene and porcine pan creatic DNase. Subsequently, we analyzed the DNA amount in decellularized and native dermis (control group) samples. The results of this analysis showed positive results in all three protocols. It was found that the detergent method have advantages over other methods of producing decellularized dermis matrices. 

The selection of an adequate combination of drugs for anesthesia of female mice during surgical embryo transfer is an important part of the process, since insufficient depth of anesthesia or the influence of undesirable effects on the pregnant female and the embryo can lead to unsatisfactory results of the experiment. In our work, we use a combination of 2 drugs for anesthesia of an animal: Zoletil 100 and Meditin, as well as Antisedan immediately after transplantation for a faster recovery from anesthesia. 

In this article, we analyze the specifics of health monitoring and maintenance of transgenic mouse strains. A method for keeping animals in laboratory conditions is discussed, the criteria for inbred crossing of homozygous transgenic mice lines are characterized. The obtained data can be useful for the staff of vivaria in maintaining the transgenic line of mice. 

Exosomes are nanoscale membrane vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of cells and stably existing in the body. Due to their unique properties, exosomes can be used in biomedical research as regenerative preparations or drug delivery vehicles. In this study, an anion exchange (AIEX) chromatography-based protocol for isolation of extracellular vesicles from a cell-conditioned medium was developed. The exosome isolation method based on AIEX chromatography overperforms the canonical ultracentrifugation-based isolation method in terms of its capability of large-volume processing.

There are a lot of factors that are able to influence the result of embryo transfer to pseudopregnant females, including the transplantation procedure itself. To determine the possible role of the surgical transplantation method on the embryo transfer result, we analyzed the data of transplantation of 6715 microinjected embryos into the oviduct of 471 pseudopregnant female by three ways — into the infundibulum, into the ampullae by the oviduct muscular wall puncture or incision. A significant increase in the pregnancy rate of recipients, as well as the birth rate in total recipients in oviduct puncture/incision groups, has been shown, however, the birth rate in pregnant recipients does not differ between all experimental groups. Survival of pups is also significantly higher in oviduct puncture/incision groups. 

A method for conducting an indirect submaximal load test on Svetlogorsk mini-pigs under laboratory conditions was developed and adapted. The physical performance of animals was assessed; the advantages and disadvantages of the developed method were discussed. 

A method for endotracheal administration was studied and optimized for the tasks of the Scientific Centre for Biomedical Technologies (SCBMT), Russia, on small and large laboratory animals. By means of intratracheal instillation of sensitizing substances, a biomodel of coronavirus pneumonia was created and tested in preclinical studies. 

In order to solve the demographic problem that has arisen in Russia, comprehensive multilateral approaches are required, aimed at increasing the birth rate and reducing child and adult mortality. One approach to solve this problem is directed regulation of the human microbiome. 

Ginseng a plant widely used in phytomedicine due to its pronounced biological activity, primarily connected with the high content of saponins (ginsenosides). The cultivation of ginseng in the Altai Republic is currently being resumed. The production of phytopreparations requires an assessment of the quality of raw plants. There is a lack of information on the compostion and medicinal properties of ginseng grown in the Altai Republic.

In this research, for the first time, an analysis of Altai Ginseng roots was carried out by HPLC-QOT MS. The profile of the main biologically active substances — ginsenosides — was determined and compared with that of the Chinese analogue. We found that Altai ginseng contains 17 ginsenosides, 12 of which are recommended for the detection by NIST. The content of 7 main ginsenzides (Rb1, Rc, Re, Rb2, Rg1, Rg, Rd) ranges from 680 to 5,375 μg/g of raw material. The ginsenzide profiles of ginseng plants grown in Altai and China were found to be similar.

It is shown that ginseng roots contain a rich composition of ginsenosides, which are present in high concentrations. Consequently, this raw material has a significant potential for the manufacture of extracts for their further use in phytopreparations for preventive medicine in Russia and other countries. 

Bacteriocins are bacterial proteins or peptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity and synthesized on ribosomes. For a high molecular weight bacteriocin produced by the Limosilactobacillus fermentum IIE MD-150 strain and having the GRAS status (Generally Recognized as Safe), an amino acid sequence homology with enterolysin A produced by the Enterococus faecalis LMG 2333 strain was found. Lactobacillus fermentum IIE MD-150 can be used in the prevention and complex treatment of infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. 

High-precision hardware tools and innovative technologies developed for the analysis of activity and neuroimaging of intracentral relations of the brain using electroencephalographic methods are important for the diagnostics and correction of the functional state of athletes, prediction of the psychoactive properties of biologically active compounds and their combinations, improvement of the results of clinical studies of neuropsychoactive drugs to optimize their practical application. 

This article presents the results of assessing the effect of course administration of dimethylaminoethanol derivatives in various modes on the static and dynamic endurance of small laboratory animals during training loads. It was found that ketoglutarate has the greatest effect on the static physical endurance of animals, while malate — on the dynamic physical endurance. 

The effect of a pencil scanning beam of protons at doses of 60 and 80 Gy on the solid form of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice was studied. It was shown that mice with induced EAC are a convenient model for studying hypofractionation schemes under proton therapy. 

The adjuvant properties of nanoparticles derived from a dry birch bark extract were studied. Immunization experiments were carried out on mini pigs of the Svetlogorsk population, a human biomodel. Animals received two subcutaneous injections of the antigen at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg with an interval of 14 days. The addition of an aqueous suspension of nanoparticles to the immunogen samples up to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml led to an increase in the immune response. No side effects were observed. The antibody titers in blood sera on the 60th and 90th days from the start of immunization were comparable to those obtained under similar conditions using Freund’s adjuvant (1:4000). 

The effect of ethylthiobenzimidazole fumarate (ETBIF) on physical performance with simultaneous exposure to hemic hypoxia and hyperthermia in the forced swim test was assessed. It was shown that ETBIF at a dose of 25 mg/kg increases the physical performance of male mice not only under the conditions of hypoxia or hyperthermia, but also under the combined effects of hypoxia and hyperthermia in a two-factor model. 

Effects of the SGLT-2 drug of the group of empagliflozin inhibitors on the biochemical and histological picture of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice was evaluated. 

On a sample of 14 rats, the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the effects of GABA on the small bowel electrical activity under the conditions of 18-hour food deprivation in a chronic experiment was studied. Administration of GABA at a dose of 70 mg/kg resulted in stimulation of phase II (irregular activity) and the disappearance of phases I (rest) and III (regular activity) of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). The main effect of the M-cholinoblockator — atropine (1 mg/kg) was manifested in the disappearance of phase III MMC. The administration of GABA after the administration of atropine caused the appearance of extraordinary phase III MMC, thereby exerting a release effect on the regular (propulsive) activity of the small intestine. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of GABA action on the electrical activity of the small intestine is cholinergic pathways. 

A study of different modes of administration of bioactive substances (BAS) of algae F. vesiculosus and S. latissima to laboratory animals allowed the authors to establish the doses and duration of administration, at which the complexes under study show moderate cytoprotective activity (15 and 30 mg/kg for S. latissima, 60 and 120 mg/kg for F. vesiculosus; three-day administration). It was found that the complex of BAS F. vesiculosus is characterized by a higher activity with respect to erythrocyte osmotic resistance compared to the complex of BAS S. latissima. At the same time, the complex of BAS laminaria is characterized by a higher activity with respect to erythrocyte peroxide resistance. The above features emphasize the feasibility of combined use of these extracts. At three-day combined administration of complexes of BAS F. vesiculosus and S. latissima at doses of 60 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, their high membrane-protective and antioxidant activity was determined. However, a higher dose or longer administration of the BAS complexes negatively affects the resistance of erythrocyte membranes. 

We studied the pharmacokinetics of a drug preparation, ethyl ester of N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline, exhibiting neuroprotective activity and its metabolite cyclo-L-prolylglycine in rat blood plasma after a single intravenous administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The metabolite was found to circulate in the systemic bloodstream of animals twice as long as the ethyl ester of N-phenylacetyl-glycyl-L-proline, with its plasma concentrations being 50–70 times higher than those of the parent compound. 

A new chromone-containing allylmorpholine derivative, (E)-4-[1-(8-bromo-6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen3-yl)-4-methylpent-1-en-3-yl]morpholin-4-ium chloride, was screened for behavioral effects in zebrafish Danio rerio using the novel tank diving test. Based on the observed alterations in behavior, the compound was confirmed to exert a sedative effect in zebrafish. 

In experiments on 55 rats, the effect of the administration of succinic acid on the morpho-functional state of the liver and metabolism in experimental liver cirrhosis caused by prolonged administration (within 3 weeks) of acetaminophen in combination with a high-fat diet was evaluated. Daily administration of succinic acid at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks led to the disappearance of cholestatic syndrome, restoration of pigment metabolism parameters, and normalization of liver cytoarchitectonics. Thus, succinic acid as a basis for succinate-containing drugs is an effective hepatoprotector in the metabolic treatment of liver cirrhosis. 

The mechanism of interaction of a new anti-tuberculosis drug thiosonide with a probable target of M. tuberculosis was studied. According to the data obtained, the most likely target with a thiozonide binding pocket is the subunit of bacterial ATP synthase, an enzyme that plays a key role in the processes of energy exchange in the cell, coupling the reaction of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis with transmembrane proton transfer. Original models of the three subunits of this enzyme (alpha, delta, and epsilon) were built. To simulate docking in silico, the AutoDock program version 4.2 was used, which is included in the MGL Tools version 1.5.6. It was shown that all three subunits have clusters with the minimum binding energies for the thiosinide molecule, and the epsilon subunit has two clusters with equal probabilities of being a thiosinide binding site. 

The informational value of assessing biochemical markers in the gingival fluid of patients with various systemic and local changes in bone tissue was analyzed in a sample of 57 patients and 15 healthy people. The patients were differentiated into 3 groups: 1) 20 patients with ulcerative colitis and steroid osteoporosis due to glucocorticoid therapy; 2) 22 patients diagnosed with cancer of the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth with erosions of the cortical bone or dental socket by a primary tumor; 3) 15 patients with moderate dental peri-implantitis. Gingival fluid was used as a test material. The content of cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and bone fraction of alkaline phosphatase was determined. In steroidal osteoporosis, the cathepsin K level in the gingival fluid was found to be statistically significantly increased compared to other markers under study. In group 2, with tumor osteodestruction in the gingival fluid, a 10-fold increase in the concentration of cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was observed against the background of a moderate increase in the bone fraction of alkaline phosphatase content. In osteodestruction associated with inflammatory dentoalveolar processes, a moderate increase in the concentration of cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was observed. Thus, the determination of osteomarkers in the gingival fluid can be considered informative in terms of distinguishing between systemic and local changes in the structure of bone tissue. 

In 46 patients with arterial hypertension, arrhythmias and amiodarone-associated type I thyrotoxicosis, it was confirmed that prolonged premedication with long-acting benzodiazepines and magnesium preparations reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications and instability of systemic hemodynamics, mitigates the adverse effects of amiodarone dysfunction of the thyroid gland on the cardiovascular system. Postoperatively, under prolonged premedication with long-acting benzodiazepines and magnesium preparations, postoperative cardiac arrhythmias were found to be less common. When the pre-operative period was significantly reduced, the appointment of long-acting benzodiazepines had advantages over short-acting benzadiazepines due to the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias and increased blood pressure in the early post-operative period.